Apparatus and method for anion detection and/or measurement
An apparatus for selectively detecting an anion in a medium and/or selectively measuring the concentration of an anion in a medium. The apparatus comprises at least one sensor and a conductive polymer film and is configured such that dielectric and/or electric property changes of the conductive polymer film can be detected by the sensor when the conductive polymer film is in hydraulic contact with the medium or after it has been in hydraulic contact with the medium. Methods of selectively detecting an anion in a medium and/or selectively determining a concentration of an anion in a medium are also provided.
1. An apparatus for selectively detecting an anion in a medium and/or selectively measuring the concentration of an anion in a medium, the apparatus comprising at least one capacitive sensor and a conductive polymer film and configured such that dielectric and/or electric property changes of the conductive polymer film can be detected by the capacitive sensor in the absence of an external electric field when the conductive polymer film is in hydraulic contact with the medium to dope or de-dope the conductive polymer film with anions or after it has been in hydraulic contact with the medium to dope or de-dope the conductive polymer film with anions.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer film is positioned within a sensing electric field of at least one capacitive sensor of the apparatus.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the capacitive sensor(s) has a field of influence and the conductive polymer is positioned in the field of influence of at least one capacitive sensor of the apparatus.
4. The apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the field of influence of the capacitive sensor is restricted substantially to the volume of the conductive polymer film.
5. The apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the field of influence of the capacitive sensor is restricted to the volume of the conductive polymer film by an electromagnetic shield on the conductive polymer film.
6. The apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the electromagnetic shield on the conductive polymer film is a metallic shield.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured so that at least part of the conductive polymer film is in hydraulic contact with the medium when the apparatus is positioned in the medium and the conductive polymer film is in electrical communication with at least one capacitive sensor so that dielectric and/or electric property changes of the conductive polymer film can be detected by the at least one capacitive sensor.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer is a dopable or de-dopable p-type conducting polymer.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of: polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and a combination thereof.
10. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the anion is selected from nitrate, perchlorate, sulfate or chloride.
11. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the medium is water.
12. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the medium is soil.
13. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the medium is selected from hydroponic growth media, coco, expanded clay balls, Fytocell, Rockwool, pumice, perlite, vermiculite, plant tissue, animal tissue, industrial by-products, sludges, and a sample.
14. A method of selectively detecting an anion in a medium, the method comprising contacting the apparatus of claim 1 with the medium and detecting dielectric and/or electric property changes of the conductive polymer film.
15. A method of selectively determining a concentration of an anion in a medium, the method comprising contacting the apparatus of claim 1 with a medium, detecting dielectric and/or electric property changes of the conductive polymer film and determining a concentration of the anion from the detected dielectric and/or electric property changes.