Lithium-stuffed garnet electrolytes with a reduced surface defect density and methods of making and using the same
The disclosure herein relates to rechargeable batteries and solid electrolytes therefore which include lithium-stuffed garnet oxides, for example, in a thin film, pellet, or monolith format wherein the density of defects at a surface or surfaces of the solid electrolyte is less than the density of defects in the bulk. In certain disclosed embodiments, the solid-state anolyte, electrolyte, and catholyte thin films, separators, and monoliths consist essentially of an oxide that conducts Li+ ions. In some examples, the disclosure herein presents new and useful solid electrolytes for solid-state or partially solid-state batteries. In some examples, the disclosure presents new lithium-stuffed garnet solid electrolytes and rechargeable batteries which include these electrolytes as separators between a cathode and a lithium metal anode.
1. A method for reducing the number of defects on a single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film, the method comprising the following steps in the following order:
providing a single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film in a first step;
heating the top and/or bottom surfaces of the sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film to 700° C. to 1200° C. for 1 to 10 hours in an inert or reducing atmosphere in a second step;
wherein the inert or reducing atmosphere comprises a member selected from the group consisting of Ar, Ar/H 2 , N 2 , or combinations thereof; and
cooling the sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film in a third step in the inert or reducing atmosphere;
wherein the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film is not in contact with an unsintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film.
2. The method of claim 1 , comprising heating the top and/or bottom surfaces of the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film to at least 750° C.
3. The method of claim 1 , comprising heating the top and/or bottom surfaces of the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film to at least 900° C.
4. The method of claim 1 , comprising heating the top and/or bottom surfaces of the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film to at least 1000° C.
5. The method of claim 1 , comprising heating the top and/or bottom surfaces of the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film to at least 1100° C.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has top and bottom surfaces and a bulk therebetween, wherein the cooling in the third step is for a longest time which still provides for smaller grains on the top and/or bottom surface than in the bulk.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has top and bottom surfaces and a bulk therebetween, wherein the cooling in the third step is for a longest time which still provides for a top and/or bottom surface which is denser than the bulk.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has top and bottom surfaces and a bulk therebetween, wherein the cooling in the third step is for a longest time which still provides for a top and/or bottom surface which is less crystalline than the bulk.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inert or reducing atmosphere is Ar, Ar/H 2 , or N 2 .
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heating in the second step is via an oven, a laser, a Rapid Thermal Processing instrument (RTP), infrared radiation, UV radiation, or a flash lamp.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has the empirical formula Li a La b Zr c Al d Me″ e O f , wherein 5<a<8.5; 2<b<4; 0<c≤2.5; 0≤d≤2; 0≤e<2, and 10<f<13, and Me″ is a metal selected from Nb, Ga, or Ta.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has the empirical formula Li x La y Zr z O t ·qAl 2 O 3 , wherein 4<x<10, 1<y<4, 1<z<3, 6<t<14, and 0≤q≤1.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has top and bottom surfaces and a bulk therebetween, wherein after heating the top and/or bottom surfaces of the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film, the top or bottom surfaces of the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has a lower surface defect density than does the bulk.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film has top and bottom surfaces and a bulk therebetween, wherein after heating the top and/or bottom surfaces of the single layer sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film, the top or bottom surface is more dense than the bulk.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thickness between the top and bottom surfaces is between 1 μm and 100 μm.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein prior to the heating the top or bottom surface of the sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film to 700° C. to 1200° C. in the second step, the sintered lithium-stuffed garnet thin film is comprised of a plurality of particles, wherein a particle size distribution of the particles has a d 90 of about 25-45 μm.