Electrode and electrochemical device

1. An electrochemical device which is an alkali metal battery or an alkaline earth metal battery comprising

an electrode having a perfluoropolyether group-containing compound in a surface thereof,

wherein:

the perfluoropolyether group-containing compound is present as a coating layer,

the thickness of the coating layer is 0.3 to 50 nm, and

the perfluoropolyether group-containing compound is a compound represented by the following formula (A1), (A2), (B1), (B2), (C1), (C2), (D1), or (D2):

wherein:

Rf each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms;

PFPE each independently represents —(OC 6 F 12 ) a —(OC 5 F 10 ) b —(OC 4 F 8 ) c —(OC 3 F 6 ) d —(OC 2 F 4 ) e —(OCF 2 ) f , wherein a, b, c, d, e and f each independently represent an integer of 0 or more and 200 or less, and the sum of a, b, c, d, e and f is at least 1, the repeating units enclosed in parentheses attached with a, b, c, d, e or f are present in any order;

R 1 each independently in each occurrence represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms;

R 2 each independently in each occurrence represents a hydroxyl group or a hydrolyzable group;

R 11 each independently in each occurrence represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom;

R 12 each independently in each occurrence represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group;

n represents an integer of 0 to 3 independently for each (—SiR 1 n R 2 3−n ) unit;

provided that, in formulae (A1), (A2), (B1) and (B2), at least one R 2 is present;

X 1 each independently represents a single bond or a 2 to 10 valent organic group;

X 2 each independently in each occurrence represents a single bond or a divalent organic group;

t each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 1 to 10;

α each independently represents an integer of 1 to 9;

α′ represents an integer of 1 to 9;

X 5 each independently represents a single bond or a 2 to 10 valent organic group;

β each independently represents an integer of 1 to 9;

β′ represents an integer of 1 to 9;

X 7 each independently represents a single bond or a 2 to 10 valent organic group;

γ each independently represents an integer of 1 to 9;

γ′ represents an integer of 1 to 9;

R a each independently in each occurrence represents —Z—SiR 71 p R 72 q R 73 r ;

Z each independently in each occurrence represents an oxygen atom or a divalent organic group;

R 71 each independently in each occurrence represents R a′ ;

R a′ is the same as defined in R a ;

in R a , the number of Si linearly connected via Group Z, is at most 5;

R 72 each independently in each occurrence represents a hydroxyl group or a hydrolyzable group;

R 73 each independently in each occurrence represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group;

p each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 3;

q each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 3;

r each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 3;

provided that, the sum of p, q and r is 3 for each —Z—SiR 71 p R 72 q R 73 r , and at least one R 72 is present in formulae (C1) and (C2);

R b each independently in each occurrence represents a hydroxyl group or a hydrolyzable group;

R C each independently in each occurrence represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group;

k each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 1 to 3;

l each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 2;

m each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 2;

provided that, in the unit enclosed in parentheses attached with γ, the sum of k, l and m is 3;

X 9 each independently represents a single bond or a 2 to 10 valent organic group;

δ each independently represents an integer of 1 to 9;

δ′ represents an integer of 1 to 9;

R d each independently in each occurrence represents —Z′—CR 81 R 82 q′ R 83 r′ ;

Z′ each independently in each occurrence represents an oxygen atom or a divalent organic group;

R 81 each independently in each occurrence represents R d′ ;

R d′ is the same as defined in R d ;

in R d , the number of C linearly connected via group Z′ is at most 5;

R 82 each independently in each occurrence represents —Y—SiR 85 j R 86 3−j ;

Y each independently in each occurrence represents a divalent organic group;

R 85 each independently in each occurrence represents a hydroxyl group or a hydrolyzable group;

R 86 each independently in each occurrence represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group;

j represents an integer of 1 to 3 independently for each (—Y—SiR 85 j R 86 3−j ) unit;

R 83 each independently in each occurrence represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group;

p′ each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 3;

q′ each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 3;

r′ each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 3;

R e each independently in each occurrence represents —Y—SiR 85 j R 86 3−j ;

R f each independently in each occurrence represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group;

k′ each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 3;

l′ each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 3;

m′ each independently in each occurrence represents an integer of 0 to 3;

provided that, in the formula, at least one q′ represents an integer of 2 or 3 or at least one l′ represents an integer of 2 or 3.

2. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein only a positive electrode of the alkali metal battery or the alkaline earth metal battery is the electrode according to claim 1 .

3. The electrochemical device according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the alkali metal battery or the alkaline earth metal battery is the electrode according to claim 1 .