Treatment of inflammatory disorders

1. A device or system for stimulating neural activity of an apical splenic nerve, the device or system comprising:

at least one transducer configured for placement on or around the apical splenic nerve, wherein the apical splenic nerve is a non-arteriolar associated nerve located at an apex of a spleen, wherein the apical splenic nerve enters a superior pole of the spleen,

memory for storing patient specific physiological data pertaining to levels of signaling molecules secreted from the spleen, and

a signal generator configured for generating at least one signal to be applied to the apical splenic nerve via the at least one transducer wherein the at least one signal stimulates or inhibits the neural activity of the apical splenic nerve to produce a physiological response in a subject, wherein the physiological response is one or more of the group consisting of: a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines, an increase in catecholamines, changes in immune cell population or immune cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, a reduction in factors involved in an inflammation cascade or a reduction in immune response mediators; and wherein the at least one transducer is at least one electrode, and the signal generator is a voltage or current source configured to generate an electrical signal to be applied to the apical splenic nerve via the at least one electrode, and wherein the electrical signal has a frequency of between 1 and 50 Hz.

2. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one transducer is configured to attach onto the apical splenic nerve.

3. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the electrical signal is an AC signal.

4. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the electrical signal comprises one or more pulse trains, each comprising a plurality of square or sawtooth pulses, wherein the plurality of pulses are delivered at a frequency in a range of 1 to 50 Hz.

5. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of pulses are delivered at a frequency of 1 Hz, 5 Hz or 10 Hz.

6. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the square or sawtooth pulses have a duration of between 10 μs and 5 ms.

7. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the square or sawtooth pulses are bipolar pulses.

8. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the square or sawtooth pulses have a constant current of between 200 μA and 5 mA.

9. The device or system of claim 8 , wherein the square or sawtooth pulses have a constant current of 600 μA.

10. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the at least one signal is delivered for between 30 seconds and 5 minutes.

11. The device or system of claim 10 , wherein the signal is delivered for 2 minutes.

12. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the square or sawtooth pulses have a duration of between 20 μs and 4 ms.

13. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the square or sawtooth pulses have a duration of between 50 μs and 2 ms.

14. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the square or sawtooth pulses have a duration of between 100 μs and 1 ms.

15. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the square or sawtooth pulses have a duration of between 200 μs and 500 μs.

16. The device or system of claim 4 , wherein the electrical signal comprises one or more pulse trains, each comprising a plurality of square or sawtooth pulses, wherein the plurality of pulses are delivered at a frequency between 1 and 30 Hz.

17. The device or system of claim 1 , further comprising a detection subsystem for detecting one or more sensory signals indicative of excessive or insufficient levels of a cytokine and, upon detection of the one or more sensory signals, cause the at least one signal to be applied to an apical splenic nerve via the at least one electrode.

18. The device or system of claim 17 , further comprising a memory for storing data pertaining to sensory signals indicative of normal, excessive or insufficient levels of a cytokine, the detection subsystem configured to compare the one or more detected sensory signals with the data.

19. The device or system of claim 1 , further comprising a signaling subsystem for receiving a control signal from a controller and, upon detection of the one or more control signals, cause the electrical signal to be applied to the apical splenic nerve via the at least one electrode.

20. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the signal generator is configured to apply the electric signal periodically.

21. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured to be attached to the apical splenic nerve and wherein the device is positioned such that the at least one transducer is in signaling contact with the apical splenic nerve, so the apical splenic nerve can be distinguished from the apical splenic nerve in its natural state, and wherein the apical splenic nerve is located in a patient who suffers from an inflammatory disorder.

22. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured to be attached to the apical splenic nerve and wherein the device is positioned such that a nerve membrane is reversibly depolarised or hyperpolarised by an electric field, such that an action potential is generated de novo in a modified nerve.

23. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured to be attached to the apical splenic nerve and wherein the device is positioned such that an action potential is propagated along the apical splenic nerve in a normal state; wherein at least a portion of the apical splenic nerve is subject to an application of a temporary external electrical field which modifies a concentration of potassium and sodium ions within the apical splenic nerve, causing depolarization or hyperpolarization of a nerve membrane, thereby, in a disrupted state, temporarily generating an action potential de novo across that portion; wherein the apical splenic nerve returns to its normal state once the temporary external electrical field is removed.

24. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured to be attached to the apical splenic nerve and wherein the device is positioned such that a portion of the apical splenic nerve is subject to application of a temporary external electrical field forms.

25. The device or system of claim 1 , wherein the device modulates neural activity of the apical splenic nerve.

26. A method of reducing inflammation in a subject by reversibly stimulating neural activity of an apical splenic nerve, comprising: (i) implanting a device configured for stimulating neural activity of an apical splenic nerve into a patient, the device including memory for storing patient specific physiological data pertaining to levels of signaling molecules secreted from a spleen, wherein the apical splenic nerve is a non-arteriolar associated nerve located at an apex of the spleen, wherein the apical splenic nerve enters a superior pole of the spleen; (ii) positioning a transducer in signaling contact with an apical splenic nerve; and (iii) activating the device.

27. The method of claim 26 , wherein said subject suffers from an inflammatory disorder.

28. A method of reversibly stimulating neural activity in an apical splenic nerve, comprising: (i) implanting a device configured for stimulating the neural activity of an apical splenic nerve into a patient, the device including memory for storing patient specific physiological data pertaining to levels of signaling molecules secreted from a spleen; (ii) positioning a transducer in signaling contact with an apical splenic nerve, wherein the apical splenic nerve is a non-arteriolar associated nerve located at an apex of the spleen, wherein the apical splenic nerve enters a superior pole of the spleen; and (iii) activating the device.

29. A method of treating in a subject who suffers from, or is at risk of, inflammatory disorder, comprising (i) implanting a device configured for stimulating neural activity of an apical splenic nerve into a patient, the device including memory for storing patient specific physiological data pertaining to levels of signaling molecules secreted from a spleen; (ii) positioning a transducer in signaling contact with an apical splenic nerve, wherein the apical splenic nerve is a non-arteriolar associated nerve located at an apex of the spleen, wherein the apical splenic nerve enters a superior pole of the spleen; and (iii) activating the device.

30. A method of controlling a device configured for stimulating the neural activity of an apical splenic nerve, the device including memory for storing physiological data pertaining to normal levels of signaling molecules secreted from the spleen, wherein the device is in signaling contact with an apical splenic nerve, comprising steps of:

storing in memory patient specific physiological data pertaining to levels of signaling molecules secreted from the spleen;

sending control instructions to the device;

applying a signal to the apical splenic nerve, wherein the apical splenic nerve is a non-arteriolar associated nerve located at an apex of the spleen, wherein the apical splenic nerve enters a superior pole of the spleen;

detecting a signal received from one or more sensors; and

comparing the signal received from the one or more sensors with the physiological data stored in the memory to determine whether the signals are indicative of insufficient or excessive levels of a signaling molecule secreted from the spleen.