Treatment of diseases mediated by thyroid and parathyroid hormones
Modulation of neural activity in the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) or cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) is effective in treating diseases and conditions mediated by thyroid and parathyroid hormones, in particular diseases associated with calcitonin secretion (e.g. osteoporosis) or diseases associated with thyroxine secretion (e.g. hypothyroid syndrome).
1. A method of treating a disease in a subject comprising implanting in said subject an apparatus or system for stimulating the neural activity of superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in the subject, said apparatus or system comprising at least one actuator configured to apply a signal to the SLN of the subject and a controller coupled to the at least one actuator, the controller controlling the signal to be applied by the at least one actuator, wherein the signal stimulates the neural activity of the SLN to produce a physiological response in the subject;
i) positioning the at least one actuator of the apparatus in signaling contact with the SLN of the subject; and
ii) activating the apparatus or system, wherein said physiological response is selected from the group consisting of: an increase in circulating calcitonin, an increase in bone density, a decrease in bone resorption, an increase in bone formation and a combination thereof and,
wherein the signal has a signal intensity of 0.1 T-5.0 T.
2. An apparatus for stimulating the neural activity of superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) of a patient, the apparatus comprising:
an actuator configured to apply a signal to the SLN of the patient; and
a controller coupled to the actuator, the controller controlling the signal to be applied by the actuator, wherein the signal stimulates the neural activity of the SLN to produce a physiological response in the patient, wherein said physiological response is selected from the group consisting of: an increase in circulating calcitonin, an increase in bone density, a decrease in bone resorption, an increase in bone formation and a combination thereof and wherein the signal has a signal intensity of 0.1 T-5.0 T.
3. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the signal is selected from the group consisting of an electrical signal, an optical signal, an ultrasonic signal and a thermal signal.
4. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the signal is an electrical signal, and the actuator configured to apply said electrical signal is an electrode.
5. The apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein said electrode is a cuff electrode.
6. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the signal comprises an alternating current (AC) waveform or a direct current (DC) waveform.
7. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the signal comprises an electrical signal having a frequency of 0.1-100 Hz.
8. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the signal has an current of 500 μA or less.
9. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the signal is an electrical signal having a pulse width of 0.01 ms-1 ms.
10. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the actuator applies the signal intermittently.
11. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the actuator applies the signal continuously.
12. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the apparatus further comprises a detector element to detect one or more physiological parameters in the patient.
13. The apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein the controller is coupled to said detector element, and causes the signal to be applied when the physiological parameter is detected to be meeting or exceeding a predefined threshold value.
14. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein one or more of the detected physiological parameters is selected from the group consisting of sympathetic tone, parasympathetic tone, circulating calcitonin, circulating T4, circulating T3, or circulating PTH.
15. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the one or more detected physiological parameters comprise an action potential or pattern of action potentials in a nerve of the patient, wherein the action potential or pattern of action potentials is associated with a calcitonin-associated disease.
16. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the one or more detected physiological parameters comprise an action potential or pattern of action potentials in a nerve of the patient, wherein the action potential or pattern of action potentials is associated with a thyroxine-associated disease.
17. The apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the action potential or pattern of action potentials is in a SLN.
18. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein application of the signal increases neural activity in at least part of the SLN.
19. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the stimulation of neural activity as a result of the actuator applying the signal is substantially persistent.
20. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the apparatus is suitable for at least partial implantation into the patient.
21. A method of treating a calcitonin-associated disease in a patient comprising applying a neuromodulatory electrical waveform to a SLN of the patient, wherein the waveform has a frequency of 10-50 Hz and intensity of 0.5 T-5.0 T wherein when applied to a SLN of the patient, the waveform increases neural signaling in the SLN to which the signal is applied, wherein the signal stimulates the neural activity of the SLN to produce a physiological response in the patient, wherein said physiological response is selected from the group consisting of: an increase in circulating calcitonin, an increase in bone density, a decrease in bone resorption, an increase in bone formation and a combination thereof.