Optical equalizer for photonics system
The present disclosure provides an optical equalizer for photonics system in an electric-optical communication network. The optical equalizer includes an input port and an output port. Additionally, the optical equalizer includes a filter having a number of stages coupled to each other in a multi-stage series with an output terminal of any stage being coupled to an input terminal of an adjacent next stage while the input terminal of a first stage of the multi-stage series being coupled from the input port. Each stage includes a tap terminal configured to pass an optical power factored by a coefficient of multiplication from the corresponding input terminal of the stage to a tap-output path characterized by a corresponding phase delay. Furthermore, the optical equalizer includes a combiner configured to sum up the optical powers respectively from the number of tap-output paths of the multi-stage series to the output port.
1. An optical equalizer comprising:
an input port configured to receive an optical signal;
an output port;
a filter comprising multiple stages coupled in series, a respective one of the multiple stages including a tap terminal configured to pass a respective one fraction of the optical signal factored by a coefficient of multiplication to a respective one tap-output path of the respective one stage characterized by a corresponding phase delay;
a combiner configured to sum up all fractions of the optical signal respectively from all tap-output paths to the output port; and
a thermal heater disposed to the respective one tap-output path for tuning the corresponding phase delay of the respective one fraction of the optical signal thereof,
wherein the filter comprises a directional tap coupler per stage, wherein at least a first stage of the filter is an asymmetric directional tap coupler.
2. The optical equalizer of claim 1 , wherein the coefficient of multiplication associated with the directional tap coupler at the respective one stage comprises a non-adaptive coefficient of multiplication for amplitude adjustment of the respective one fraction of the optical signal through the respective one tap-output path of the respective one stage.
3. The optical equalizer of claim 1 , wherein at least one stage of the filter comprises a 3 dB coupler series.
4. The optical equalizer of claim 1 , wherein the filter comprises a multi-mode interference (MMI) coupler per stage, wherein the first stage of the filter includes an asymmetric MMI coupler.
5. The optical equalizer of claim 1 , wherein the filter comprises a tunable coupler based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) for adjusting a power ratio of the respective one fraction of the optical signal in the respective one tap-output path.
6. The optical equalizer of claim 5 , wherein the tunable coupler comprises one input 3 dB 1×2 coupler coupled to two waveguide arms and then coupled to one output 3 dB 2×2 coupler, the two waveguide arms being characterized by the tunable phase delay of one arm relative to another arm between the input 3 dB 1×2 coupler and the output 3 dB 2×2 coupler.
7. The optical equalizer of claim 6 , wherein each of the two waveguide arms comprises a combination of at least a first material and a second material, wherein the tunable phase delay is contributed by at least a first length difference of the first material between the two waveguide arms and a second length difference of the second material between the two waveguide arms.
8. The optical equalizer of claim 7 , wherein the first material is silicon and the second material is silicon nitride.
9. The optical equalizer of claim 7 , wherein the tunable coupler is configured to be a-thermal by setting a first value of a temperature derivative of refraction index of the first material multiplied by the first length difference to be equal to a second value of a temperature derivative of refraction index of the second material multiplied by the second length difference.
10. The optical equalizer of claim 6 , wherein each of the two waveguide arms comprises a same material while at least one of the two waveguide arms includes two polarization rotators configured to convert a transverse magnetic (TM) polarization mode to a transverse electric (TE) polarization mode or vice versa, the tunable phase delay being contributed by at least a first optical length difference of TM mode between the two waveguide arms and a second optical length difference of TE mode between the two waveguide arms.
11. The optical equalizer of claim 10 , wherein the same material is silicon.
12. The optical equalizer of claim 10 , wherein the tunable coupler is configured to be a-thermal by setting a first value of a temperature derivative of refraction index for TM mode multiplied by the first optical length difference to be equal to a second value of a temperature derivative of refraction index for TE mode multiplied by the second optical length difference.
13. The optical equalizer of claim 1 , wherein the respective one tap-output path per stage comprises a waveguide characterized by a planar material, a length, and a width yielding a group velocity for the fraction of the optical signal to travel through thereof with a time delay equal to the length dividing the group velocity, at least one tap-output path comprising a waveguide having a different planar material to yield a different time delay from each other tap-output path in the multiple stages.
14. The optical equalizer of claim 1 , wherein the respective one tap-output path per stage comprises a waveguide characterized by a planar material, a length, and a width yielding a group velocity for the fraction of the optical signal to travel through thereof with a time delay equal to the length dividing the group velocity, at least one tap-output path of one stage comprising a waveguide having a wider width to yield a different time delay from each other tap-output path in the multiple stages.
15. The optical equalizer of claim 1 , wherein at least one tap-output path in the multiple stages comprises a waveguide including a pair of polarization rotators to create a polarization mode of the fraction of the optical signal to be different from that of another fraction of the optical signal in another waveguide of a different one tap-output path in a different stage of the multiple stages, resulting in a phase delay due to a time delay between the at least one tap-output path and the different one tap-output path.
16. The optical equalizer of claim 1 , wherein the filter comprises a combination of one or more directional tap couplers, one or more MMI couplers, and one or more 3 dB couplers to make each tap-output path associated with a non-adaptive coefficient of multiplication while using the thermal heater to adjust phase thereof.
17. The optical equalizer of claim 1 , further comprising a variable optical attenuator (VOA) in at least one tap-output path to be associated with an adaptive coefficient of multiplication for dynamically adjusting amplitude of corresponding one fraction of the optical power through the at least one tap-output path while using a thermal heater or a tunable filter based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) to adjust phase thereof.
18. An optical equalizer comprising:
an input port configured to receive an optical signal;
an output port;
a filter comprising multiple stages coupled in series, a respective one of the multiple stages including a tap terminal configured to pass a respective one fraction of the optical signal factored by a coefficient of multiplication to a respective one tap-output path of the respective one stage characterized by a corresponding phase delay; and
a combiner configured to sum up all fractions of the optical signal respectively from all tap-output paths of the multiple stages to the output port;
wherein at least one tap-output path in the multiple stages comprises a waveguide including a pair of polarization rotators to create a polarization mode of the respective one fraction of the optical signal to be different from that of another one fraction of the optical signal in another waveguide of a different one tap-output path in a different stage of the filter, resulting in a phase delay due to a time delay between the at least one tap-output path and the different one tap-output path.
19. A photonics system used in electro-optical communication network comprising an optical equalizer per optical channel before a receiver, the optical equalizer comprising:
an input port configured to receive an optical signal;
an output port;
a filter comprising multiple stages coupled in series in a combination of one or more directional tap couplers, one or more MIMI couplers, and one or more 3 dB couplers, a respective one of the multiple stages including a tap terminal configured to pass a respective one fraction of the optical signal factored by a coefficient of multiplication to a respective one tap-output path of the respective one stage characterized by a corresponding phase delay;
a combiner configured to sum up respective fractions of optical signal from the number of tap-output paths of the multi-stage series to the output port; and
a thermal heater disposed in the respective one tap-output path to adjust phase of the filter.
20. The photonics system of claim 19 , wherein the optical equalizer further comprises a variable optical attenuator (VOA) in at least one tap-output path to be associated with an adaptive coefficient of multiplication for dynamically adjusting amplitude of the respective one fraction of the optical power through the at least one tap-output path while using a tunable coupler based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) to adjust power ratio thereof.