Piezoelectric bulk layers with tilted c-axis orientation and methods for making the same
Bulk acoustic wave resonator structures include a bulk layer with inclined c-axis hexagonal crystal structure piezoelectric material supported by a substrate. The bulk layer may be prepared without first depositing a seed layer on the substrate. The bulk material layer has a c-axis tilt of about 32 degrees or greater. The bulk material layer may exhibit a ratio of shear coupling to longitudinal coupling of 1.25 or greater during excitation. A method for preparing a crystalline bulk layer having a c-axis tilt includes depositing a bulk material layer directly onto a substrate at an off-normal incidence. The deposition conditions may include a pressure of less than 5 mTorr and a deposition angle of about 35 degrees to about 85 degrees.
1. A method for preparing a crystalline bulk layer having a c-axis tilt, the method comprising:
depositing a bulk material layer directly onto a semiconductor substrate at an off-normal incidence of about 35 degrees to about 83 degrees under deposition conditions comprising a pressure of less than 4.5 mTorr, a temperature of 50° C. to 300° C., a deposition distance between a target surface and the semiconductor substrate of 50 mm to 200 mm, and gas ratio of argon to reacting gas of 1:10 to 10:10,
wherein the depositing is performed in a deposition system comprising a linear sputtering apparatus, the target surface configured to eject metal atoms, a substrate table comprising a support surface supporting the semiconductor substrate, and a collimator arranged between the target surface and the semiconductor substrate, the target surface being at a first non-zero angle relative to the semiconductor substrate and the collimator being arranged at a second non-zero angle relative to the support surface, wherein the second non-zero angle is different from the first non-zero angle, wherein the semiconductor substrate and collimator are translated during deposition, and
wherein the bulk material layer has a c-axis tilt of about 35 degrees to about 85 degrees and exhibits a ratio of shear coupling to longitudinal coupling of 1.25 or greater during excitation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pressure is from about 0.5 mTorr to 4.5 mTorr.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pressure is from about 1 mTorr to about 4 mTorr.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bulk material layer has a thickness of about 1,000 Angstroms to about 30,000 Angstroms.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the thickness is about 3,000 Angstroms or greater.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate table is biased to an electrical potential other than ground.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the collimator is biased to an electrical potential other than ground.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the collimator comprises a grid formed by a plurality of longitudinal members and a plurality of transverse members.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the plurality of longitudinal members of the collimator are independently electrically biased relative to one another.
10. A method for preparing a crystalline bulk layer having a c-axis tilt with a preselected angle, the method comprising:
depositing a bulk material layer directly onto a semiconductor substrate at an off-normal incidence under initial conditions that retard surface mobility of the bulk material layer being deposited such that crystals in the bulk material layer are substantially parallel to one another and are substantially oriented in a direction of the preselected angle, wherein the initial conditions comprise a pressure of less than 4.5 mTorr,
wherein the depositing is performed in a deposition system comprising a linear sputtering apparatus, a target surface configured to eject metal atoms, a substrate table comprising a support surface supporting the semiconductor substrate, and a collimator arranged between the target surface and the semiconductor substrate, the target surface being at a first non-zero angle relative to the semiconductor substrate and the collimator being arranged at a second non-zero angle relative to the support surface, wherein the second non-zero angle is different from the first non-zero angle, and
wherein the bulk material layer has a c-axis tilt of about 35 degrees to about 85 degrees and exhibits a ratio of shear coupling to longitudinal coupling of 1.25 or greater during excitation.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the initial conditions comprise a pressure of about 1 to 4.5 mTorr.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the initial conditions comprise an argon to nitrogen ratio in a vapor space of about 1:10 to about 10:10.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the preselected angle is about 35 degrees.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the preselected angle is about 46 degrees.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the preselected angle is about 50 degrees.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the bulk material layer comprises AlN.