Anti-jamming and reduced interference global positioning system receiver methods and devices
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) radio frequency signals broadcast from geo-stationary satellites 20,000 km above the earth when received by GNSS receivers are fundamentally weak. Accordingly, these GNSS receivers are vulnerable to accidental and deliberate interference from a range of manmade sources as well as natural sources. Existing anti-jamming technologies such as controlled reception pattern antennas, adaptive antennas, null-steering antennas, and beamforming antennas etc. are expensive and incompatible with many lower cost and footprint limited applications. However, in many applications the GNSS antenna is mounted upon a fixed or mobile element such that accidental and intentional jammers tend to be in the plane of the antenna or below it. Accordingly, there are presented designs and techniques to improve the anti-jamming or interference performance of GNSS receivers by further reducing the responsivity of the GNSS receiver to signals in-plane or below the plane of the antenna.
1. An antenna comprising:
a patch antenna comprising an upper electrode disposed atop a dielectric body;
a ground plane disposed below the dielectric body of the patch antenna at a predetermined distance from the upper electrode;
a plurality of conductive elements, each conductive element disposed at a predetermined separation from the ground plane and substantially parallel to an upper surface of the patch antenna; wherein
a gain of the antenna at a zenith is increased relative to the antenna gain at the zenith for the patch antenna alone;
the antenna gain has a null at a predetermined elevation;
the plurality of conductive elements are each disposed at a constant spacing relative to one another and the conductive element nearest the patch antenna is disposed with the spacing from the ground plane; and
the elevation of the null is determined in dependence upon the constant spacing of each conductive element relative to its neighbours.
2. The antenna according to claim 1 , wherein
the plurality of conductive elements are mounted to a central mounting which is substantially perpendicular to the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each conductive element.
3. The antenna according to claim 2 , wherein
the central mounting is at least one of electrically conductive and electrically non-conductive.
4. The antenna according to claim 1 , wherein
the plurality of conductive elements are mounted to a plurality of mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the conductive elements.
5. The antenna according to claim 4 , wherein
the plurality of mounting elements are electrically non-conductive.
6. An antenna comprising:
a patch antenna comprising an upper electrode disposed atop a dielectric body operating at least at a first frequency band and a second frequency band;
a ground plane disposed below the dielectric body of the patch antenna at a predetermined distance from the upper electrode;
a plurality of first conductive elements, each first conductive element disposed at a predetermined separation from the ground plane and substantially parallel to the upper surface of the patch antenna; and
a plurality of second conductive elements, each second conductive element comprising an opening within a central region of predetermined dimension, disposed substantially around the plurality of first conductive elements at a predetermined separation from the ground plane, and substantially parallel to the upper surface of the patch antenna; wherein
an antenna gain of the patch antenna within the first frequency band has a radiation gain null at a first predetermined elevation;
the antenna gain of the patch antenna within the second frequency band has another radiation gain null at a second predetermined elevation;
the plurality of first conductive elements are each disposed at a first constant spacing relative to one another and the first conductive element nearest the patch antenna is disposed with the first constant spacing from the ground plane;
the plurality of second conductive elements are each disposed at a second constant spacing relative to one another and the second conductive element nearest the patch antenna is disposed with the second constant spacing from the ground plane;
the first predetermined elevation of the radiation gain null within the first frequency band is determined in dependence upon the first constant spacing of each first conductive element relative to its neighbours; and
the second predetermined elevation of the radiation gain null within the second frequency band is determined in dependence upon the second constant spacing of each second conductive element relative to its neighbours.
7. The antenna according to claim 6 , wherein
the plurality of first conductive elements are circular; and
the plurality of second conductive elements are annular rings.
8. The antenna according to claim 6 , wherein
the plurality of first conductive elements are mounted to a central mounting substantially perpendicular the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each first conductive element; and
the plurality of second conductive elements are mounted to a plurality of mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the second conductive elements.
9. The antenna according to claim 8 , wherein
the central mounting is at least one of electrically conductive and electrically non-conductive; and
the plurality of mounting elements are electrically non-conductive.
10. The antenna according to claim 6 , wherein
the plurality of first conductive elements are mounted to the plurality of second conductive elements by a plurality of electrically non-conductive connectors; and
either:
the plurality of first conductive elements are mounted to a central mounting substantially perpendicular the upper electrode and passing through the centre of each first conductive element;
or:
the plurality of second conductive elements are mounted to a plurality of mounting elements disposed at predetermined positions around the periphery of the second conductive elements.
11. The antenna according to claim 10 , wherein
if the plurality of first conductive elements are mounted to a central mounting the central mounting is at least one of electrically conductive and electrically non-conductive; and
if the plurality of second conductive elements are mounted to a plurality of mounting elements then the plurality of mounting elements are electrically non-conductive.
12. A method comprising:
introducing a radiation gain null within a gain of a patch antenna at a predetermined elevation by providing a parasitically coupled structure; wherein
the patch antenna comprises:
an upper electrode disposed atop a dielectric body; and
a ground plane disposed below the dielectric body of the patch antenna at a predetermined distance from the upper electrode; and
providing the parasitically coupled structure comprises:
either:
providing a plurality of conductive elements are each disposed at a constant spacing relative to one another and the conductive element nearest the patch antenna is disposed with the spacing from the ground plane where the predetermined elevation for the introduced radiation gain null is determined in dependence upon the constant spacing of each conductive element relative to its neighbours;
or:
providing a plurality of first conductive elements, each first conductive element disposed at a predetermined separation from the ground plane and substantially parallel to the upper surface of the patch antenna where the predetermined elevation for the introduced radiation gain null for a first frequency band of operation of the patch antenna is determined in dependence upon the constant spacing of each first conductive element relative to its neighbours; and
providing a plurality of second conductive elements, each second conductive element comprising an opening within a central region of predetermined dimension, disposed substantially around the plurality of first conductive elements at a predetermined separation from the ground plane, and substantially parallel to the upper surface of the patch antenna where the predetermined elevation for the introduced radiation gain null for a second frequency band of operation of the patch antenna is determined in dependence upon the spacing of each second conductive element relative to its neighbours.