Autonomous takeoff and landing with open loop mode and closed loop mode

1. A system, comprising:

a processor; and

a memory coupled with the processor, wherein the memory is configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to:

determine a confidence value associated with a measured altitude from a plurality of altitude-related sensors;

in response to the confidence value being below a confidence threshold, perform autonomous flight in an open loop mode over a first range of altitudes, wherein the measured altitude is not used for determining instructions for performing autonomous flight; and

in response to the confidence value exceeding the confidence threshold, perform the autonomous flight in a closed loop mode over a second range of altitudes, wherein: the measured altitude from the plurality of altitude-related sensors is used, and the first range of altitudes is a non-overlapping, lower range of altitudes compared to the second range of altitudes.

2. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous landing; and

the memory is further configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to:

obtain an altitude from the measured altitude;

compare the obtained altitude against an altitude threshold; and

in response to the obtained altitude no longer exceeding the altitude threshold, switch from performing the autonomous landing in the closed loop mode, wherein the measured altitude is used, to performing the autonomous landing in the open loop mode, wherein the measured altitude is not used.

3. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous landing; and

the memory is further configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to:

obtain an altitude from the measured altitude;

compare the obtained altitude against an altitude threshold; and

in response to the obtained altitude no longer exceeding the altitude threshold, switch from performing the autonomous landing in the closed loop mode, wherein the measured altitude is used, to performing the autonomous landing in the open loop mode, wherein the measured altitude is not used, wherein the altitude threshold is selected based at least in part on a landing surface, including by:

determining whether an aircraft is above land or water; and

in response to the determination whether the aircraft is above land or water, selecting a land altitude threshold or a water altitude threshold accordingly.

4. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous landing; and

the memory is further configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to determine instructions for performing the autonomous landing in the open loop mode include instructions for performing ground detection, including by:

injecting a rotation about an axis of rotation;

obtaining a measured amount of rotation about the axis of rotation;

comparing the measured amount of rotation against a rotational threshold; and

in response to the measured amount of rotation not exceeding the rotational threshold, deciding that a landing surface has been reached.

5. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous landing; and

the memory is further configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to determine instructions for performing the autonomous landing in the open loop mode include instructions for performing ground detection, including by:

injecting a rotation about an axis of rotation;

obtaining a measured amount of rotation about the axis of rotation;

comparing the measured amount of rotation against a rotational threshold;

obtaining a throttle value;

comparing the throttle value against a throttle threshold; and

in response to the measured amount of rotation not exceeding the rotational threshold and the throttle value not exceeding the throttle threshold, deciding that a landing surface has been reached.

6. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff; and

the memory is further configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to:

obtain a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimate a pilot weight, including by analyzing the signal associated with the autonomous takeoff; and

use the pilot weight to generate a value which is used to control an aircraft that is performing the autonomous takeoff.

7. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff; and

the memory is further configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to:

obtain a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimate a pilot weight, including by analyzing one or more of the following properties associated with the signal:

a time associated with switching from performing the autonomous takeoff in the open loop mode to performing the autonomous takeoff in the closed loop mode;

a throttle associated with switching from performing the autonomous takeoff in the open loop mode to performing the autonomous takeoff in the closed loop mode; or

a slope of the signal; and

use the pilot weight to generate a value which is used to control an aircraft that is performing the autonomous takeoff.

8. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff and autonomous landing; and

the memory is further configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to:

obtain a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimate a pilot weight, including by analyzing the signal associated with the autonomous takeoff; and

use the pilot weight to update a parameter associated with one or more of the following: the autonomous takeoff or the autonomous landing.

9. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff and autonomous landing; and

the memory is further configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to:

obtain a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimate a pilot weight, including by analyzing one or more of the following properties associated with the signal:

a time associated with switching from performing the autonomous takeoff in the open loop mode to performing the autonomous takeoff in the closed loop mode;

a throttle associated with switching from performing the autonomous takeoff in the open loop mode to performing the autonomous takeoff in the closed loop mode; or

a slope of the signal; and

use the pilot weight to update a parameter associated with one or more of the following: the autonomous takeoff or the autonomous landing.

10. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff and autonomous landing; and

the memory is further configured to provide the processor with instructions which when executed cause the processor to:

obtain a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimate a pilot weight, including by analyzing the signal associated with the autonomous takeoff; and

use the pilot weight to update a parameter associated with one or more of the following: the autonomous takeoff or the autonomous landing, wherein updating the parameter includes using the pilot weight to select the parameter from a plurality of parameters associated with different pilot weights.

11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of altitude-related sensors is configured to output a respective measured altitude and a confidence metric, and the confidence value is determined based on each confidence metric output meeting a confidence threshold.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of altitude-related sensors is configured to output a respective measured altitude and the confidence value is determined based on all measured altitudes being within a predefined tolerance of each other.

13. A method, comprising:

using a processor to determine a confidence value associated with a measured altitude from a plurality of altitude-related sensors;

using the processor to, in response to the confidence value being below a confidence threshold, perform autonomous flight in an open loop mode over a first range of altitudes, wherein the measured altitude is not used for determining instructions for performing autonomous flight; and

using the processor to, in response to the confidence value exceeding the confidence threshold, perform the autonomous flight in a closed loop mode over a second range of altitudes, wherein: the measured altitude from the plurality of altitude-related sensors is used, and the first range of altitudes is a non-overlapping, lower range of altitudes compared to the second range of altitudes.

14. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous landing; and

the method further includes:

obtaining an altitude from the measured altitude;

comparing the obtained altitude against an altitude threshold; and

in response to the obtained altitude no longer exceeding the altitude threshold, switching from performing the autonomous landing in the closed loop mode, wherein the measured altitude is used, to performing the autonomous landing in the open loop mode, wherein the measured altitude is not used.

15. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous landing; and

the method further includes:

obtaining an altitude from the measured altitude;

comparing the obtained altitude against an altitude threshold; and

in response to the obtained altitude no longer exceeding the altitude threshold, switching from performing the autonomous landing in the closed loop mode, wherein the measured altitude is used, to performing the autonomous landing in the open loop mode, wherein the measured altitude is not used, wherein the altitude threshold is selected based at least in part on a landing surface, including by:

determining whether an aircraft is above land or water; and

in response to the determination whether the aircraft is above land or water, selecting a land altitude threshold or a water altitude threshold accordingly.

16. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous landing; and

performing the autonomous landing in the open loop mode includes performing ground detection, including by:

injecting a rotation about an axis of rotation;

obtaining a measured amount of rotation about the axis of rotation;

comparing the measured amount of rotation against a rotational threshold; and

in response to the measured amount of rotation not exceeding the rotational threshold, deciding that a landing surface has been reached.

17. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous landing; and

performing the autonomous landing in the open loop mode includes performing ground detection, including by:

injecting a rotation about an axis of rotation;

obtaining a measured amount of rotation about the axis of rotation;

comparing the measured amount of rotation against a rotational threshold;

obtaining a throttle value;

comparing the throttle value against a throttle threshold; and

in response to the measured amount of rotation not exceeding the rotational threshold and the throttle value not exceeding the throttle threshold, deciding that a landing surface has been reached.

18. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff; and

the method further includes:

obtaining a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimating a pilot weight, including by analyzing the signal associated with the autonomous takeoff; and

using the pilot weight to generate a value which is used to control an aircraft that is performing the autonomous takeoff.

19. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff; and

the method further includes:

obtaining a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimating a pilot weight, including by analyzing one or more of the following properties associated with the signal:

a time associated with switching from performing the autonomous takeoff in the open loop mode to performing the autonomous takeoff in the closed loop mode;

a throttle associated with switching from performing the autonomous takeoff in the open loop mode to performing the autonomous takeoff in the closed loop mode; or

a slope of the signal; and

using the pilot weight to generate a value which is used to control an aircraft that is performing the autonomous takeoff.

20. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff and autonomous landing; and

the method further includes:

obtaining a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimating a pilot weight, including by analyzing the signal associated with the autonomous takeoff; and

using the pilot weight to update a parameter associated with one or more of the following: the autonomous takeoff or the autonomous landing.

21. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff and autonomous landing; and

the method further includes:

obtaining a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimating a pilot weight, including by analyzing one or more of the following properties associated with the signal:

a time associated with switching from performing the autonomous takeoff in the open loop mode to performing the autonomous takeoff in the closed loop mode;

a throttle associated with switching from performing the autonomous takeoff in the open loop mode to performing the autonomous takeoff in the closed loop mode; or

a slope of the signal; and

using the pilot weight to update a parameter associated with one or more of the following: the autonomous takeoff or the autonomous landing.

22. The method recited in claim 13 , wherein:

the autonomous flight includes autonomous takeoff and autonomous landing; and

the method further includes:

obtaining a signal associated with the autonomous takeoff;

estimating a pilot weight, including by analyzing the signal associated with the autonomous takeoff; and

using the pilot weight to update a parameter associated with one or more of the following: the autonomous takeoff or the autonomous landing, wherein updating the parameter includes using the pilot weight to select the parameter from a plurality of parameters associated with different pilot weights.

23. A computer program product, the computer program product being embodied in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium and comprising computer instructions for:

determining a confidence value associated with a measured altitude from a plurality of altitude-related sensors;

in response to the confidence value being below a confidence threshold, performing autonomous flight in an open loop mode over a first range of altitudes, wherein the measured altitude is not used for determining instructions for performing autonomous flight; and

in response to the confidence value exceeding the confidence threshold, performing the autonomous flight in a closed loop mode over a second range of altitudes, wherein: the measured altitude from the plurality of altitude-related sensors is used, and the first range of altitudes is a non-overlapping, lower range of altitudes compared to the second range of altitudes.