Additively manufactured metal energetic ligand precursors and combustion synthesis
Processes for tailoring the macroscopic shape, metallic composition, mechanical properties, and pore structure of nanoporous metal foams prepared through combustion synthesis via direct write 3D printing of metal energetic ligand precursor inks made with water and an organic thickening agent are disclosed. Such processes enable production of never before obtainable metal structures with hierarchical porosity, tailorable from the millimeter size regime to the nanometer size regime. Structures produced by these processes have numerous applications including, but not limited to, catalysts, heat exchangers, low density structural materials, biomedical implants, hydrogen storage medium, fuel cells, and batteries.
1. An additive manufacturing process for producing hierarchically structured nanoporous metal foam, comprising:
extruding a slurry comprising one or more metal energetic ligand precursors into a structure with a prescribed pattern and density;
heating the structure in an inert atmosphere such that the one or more metal energetic ligand precursors of the structure undergo self-sustaining combustion synthesis that transforms the one or more metal energetic ligand precursors into a foaming gas, leaving behind a zero-valence state metal; and
heat treating the structure to strengthen the structure and produce a post-processed structure.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein only the post-processing is performed at a temperature higher than room temperature.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more metal energetic ligand precursors comprise metal bistetrazoleamine (mBTA), metal cyanimide, metal dicyanamide, metal 5-aminotetrozole, or any combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein
the nanoporous metal foam is a composite metal foam that comprises a higher catalytic activity metal and a matrix metal that has lower catalytic activity than the higher activity catalytic metal and/or a matrix metal that has higher compressive strength than the higher catalytic activity metal,
the higher catalytic activity metal comprises Pt, Pd, Re, or any combination thereof, and
the matrix metal comprises Cu, Ni, or any combination thereof.
5. A process, comprising:
three-dimensional (3D) printing a metal energetic ligand precursor ink by extruding the metal energetic ligand precursor ink into a structure and allowing the structure to dry, producing a nanoporous metal foam;
heating the structure in an inert atmosphere such that one or more metal energetic ligand precursors of the structure in the metal energetic ligand precursor ink undergo self-sustaining combustion synthesis, the one or more metal energetic ligand precursors comprising metal bistetrazoleamine (mBTA), metal cyanimide, metal dicyanamide, metal 5-aminotetrozole, or any combination thereof; and
heat treating the structure to strengthen the structure and produce a post-processed structure, wherein
the metal energetic ligand precursor ink comprises a slurry of the one or more metal energetic ligand precursors, water, and at least one binder, or
the metal energetic ligand precursor ink comprises a slurry of the one or more metal energetic ligand precursors and at least one binder.
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein
the nanoporous metal foam is a composite metal foam that comprises a higher catalytic activity metal and a matrix metal that has lower catalytic activity than the higher activity catalytic metal and/or a matrix metal that has higher compressive strength than the higher catalytic activity metal,
the higher catalytic activity metal comprises Pt, Pd, Re, or any combination thereof, and
the matrix metal comprises Cu, Ni, or any combination thereof.
7. The process of claim 5 , wherein the structure comprises grids in a cubic pattern, a face centered pattern, or both.