Chemical sensors with non-covalent, electrostatic surface modification of graphene
Embodiments include chemical sensors, devices and systems including the same, and related methods. In an embodiment, a medical device is provided. The medical device can include a graphene varactor, including a graphene layer and a self-assembled monolayer disposed on an outer surface of the graphene layer through electrostatic interactions between a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms of one or more hydrocarbons of the self-assembled monolayer and a it-electron system of graphene. The self-assembled monolayer can include one or more substituted porphyrins or substituted metalloporphyrins, or derivatives thereof. Other embodiments are also included herein.
1. A medical device comprising:
a chemical sensor element comprising a plurality of graphene varactors;
at least one of the plurality of graphene varactors comprising:
a graphene layer;
a self-assembled monolayer disposed on an outer surface of the graphene layer through electrostatic interactions between a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms of one or more hydrocarbons of the self-assembled monolayer and a π-electron system of graphene; and
wherein the self-assembled monolayer comprises substituted porphyrins of the formula (I):
wherein each X is independently a heteroatom comprising N, O, P, S, Se, or Si, or absent, such that R is covalently attached to the phenyl group; and wherein each R functional group independently comprises: —H; any linear or branched Ci-C 5 o alkyl, C 1 -C 50 alkenyl, C 1 -C 50 alkynyl, C 1 -C 50 heteroalkyl, C 1 -C 50 heteroalkenyl, C 1 -C 50 heteroalkynyl, or any combination thereof, —RZR, —ZRZR, or —RZRZR, wherein R comprises any identical or different, linear or branched, C 1 -C 50 alkyl, C 1 -C 50 alkenyl, C 1 -C 50 alkynyl, or any combination thereof, and Z can be one or more heteroatom selected from N, O, P, S, Se, or Si; an aryl, heteroaryl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl; a biphenyl or substituted biphenyl; an aryloxy, arylthio, arylamine, or any substitutions thereof, or any combination thereof.
2. The medical device of claim 1 , wherein the self-assembled monolayer provides a Langmuir theta value of at least 0.9.
3. The medical device of claim 1 , wherein the self-assembled monolayer provides a Langmuir theta value of at least 0.98.
4. The medical device of claim 1 , wherein the self-assembled monolayer includes a multilayer that provide coverage over the graphene from 50% to 150% by surface area.
5. The medical device of claim 1 , comprising the plurality of graphene varactors configured in an array on the medical device.
6. A method for detecting an analyte using the medical device of claim 1 comprising the steps of:
collecting a gaseous sample from a patient;
the gaseous sample contacting the at least one of the plurality of graphene varactors, each of the one or more graphene varactors.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising measuring a differential response in an electrical property of the at least one of the plurality of graphene varactors due to the binding of one or more analytes present in the gaseous sample.
8. The method of claim 7 , the electrical property selected from the group consisting of capacitance or resistance.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the self-assembled monolayer provides a Langmuir theta value of at least 0.9.