Combined global-local structural health monitoring
Computationally efficient, highly accurate, and cost-effective approach for detection of damage in a structure is described. Methods include a combined analysis in both global and local regions of a structure to predict the received wave signals at a location due to scattering of Lamb waves at a damage site. Through comparison of an actual received wave signal with the predicted signals, identification of damage location and/or type can be provided. Methods can be particularly beneficial when considering damage assessment in a complex structure that includes plate-like structures that include an extension off of a base plate, e.g., a stiffened structure.
1. A computer-implemented method for detecting the presence and type of damage in a structure comprising:
exciting a Lamb wave in a structure, the Lamb wave being excited at a transmitter and thence propagating through a base plate of the structure;
detecting a scattered Lamb wave at a receiver, the scattered Lamb wave being a resulting wave generated by passage of the Lamb wave through the structure;
analyzing the scattered Lamb wave that is detected at the receiver by a computing system comprising one or more computing devices, the analyzing incorporating previously determined frequency-dependent scattering coefficients of Lamb wave modes, wherein the previously determined frequency-dependent scattering coefficients have been determined prior to the step of analyzing the scattered Lamb wave from geometric discontinuities of a previously tested undamaged structure and a previously tested damaged structure, the previously determined frequency-dependent scattering coefficients having been determined by use of complex modes expansion with vector projection, the analyzing comprising insertion of the previously determined frequency-dependent scattering coefficients into a global analytical model to provide a first predicted signal solution for the structure in an undamaged state and a second predicted signal solution for the structure in a damaged state, the analyzing further comprising comparing the scattered Lamb wave to the first and second predicted signal solutions and thereby identifying a health state for the structure, the health state comprising information regarding the presence of a damage site in the structure and the type of damage at the damage site.
2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the structure further comprises an extension joined to the base plate at a joint area, the Lamb wave propagating through the joint area.
3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2 , wherein the extension is a stiffener.
4. The computer-implemented method of claim 2 , wherein the extension is of unitary construction with the base plate.
5. The computer-implemented method of claim 2 , wherein the extension is of separate construction and joined to the base plate.
6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the structure comprises a polymeric laminate.
7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the transmitter and the receiver comprise piezoelectric wafer active sensors.
8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the Lamb wave is excited at a frequency of from about 50 kHz to about 350 kHz.
9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein the Lamb wave is excited from a tone-burst signal generator.
10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , the structure forming one or more walls of a multi-ribbed box structure.
11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , the structure being a component of an aircraft.
12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , the method incorporating multiple data analysis units.
13. The computer-implemented method of claim 12 , a first data analysis unit determining the frequency dependent scattering coefficients prior to the step of analyzing the scattered Lamb wave.
14. The computer-implemented method of claim 13 , a second data analysis unit comparing the scattered Lamb wave to the first and second signal solutions.
15. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , the method further comprising insertion of the previously determined frequency dependent scattering coefficients into the global analytical model to provide one or more additional predicted signal solutions, each of the one or more additional predicted signal solutions being for the structure with different types or locations of damage, the analyzing further comprising comparing the scattered Lamb wave to the one or more additional predicted signal solutions.
16. The computer-implement method of claim 1 , wherein the previously tested damaged structure comprises a crack in a joint area.
17. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , the global analytical model comprising:
a) performing a Fourier transform of a time-domain excitation signal to obtain a frequency-domain excitation signal;
b) calculating a frequency-domain structural transfer function up to a damage location;
c) multiplication of the frequency-domain structural transfer function by the frequency-domain excitation signal to obtain a frequency domain signal up to the damage location;
d) considering damage as a secondary wave source at the damage location using the frequency-dependent scattering coefficients;
e) calculating out-of-plane velocity in a frequency domain at a receiver location; and
f) performing an inverse Fourier transform to obtain a time-domain signal solution at a receiver sensing location.