Multispectral sample imaging

1. A method, comprising:

exposing a plurality of non-endogenous spectral contributors in a biological sample to illumination light and measuring light emission from the sample to obtain N sample images, wherein each sample image corresponds to a different combination of a wavelength band of the illumination light and one or more wavelength bands of the light emission, wherein multiple wavelength bands of the light emission from the plurality of non-endogenous spectral contributors define a wavelength range, and wherein N>1; and

exposing the sample to illumination light in a background excitation band and measuring light emission from the sample in a background spectral band to obtain a background image of the sample, wherein the background spectral band comprises a distribution of wavelengths having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) spectral width Δλ and a center wavelength λ c within the wavelength range, and wherein the wavelengths within the background spectral band correspond to wavelengths within a range from λ c −Δλ/2 to λ c +Δλ/2,

wherein for each of the plurality of non-endogenous spectral contributors in the sample exposed to the illumination light in the background excitation band, a spectral emission intensity at each wavelength within the background spectral band is 10% or less of a maximum measured spectral emission intensity of the non-endogenous spectral contributor following excitation of the non-endogenous spectral contributor in each of the wavelength bands of the illumination light and the background excitation band.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising obtaining an autofluorescence image of the sample from the background image.

3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising displaying the autofluorescence image on a display device.

4. The method of claim 2 , further comprising determining, at each of multiple locations in the sample, an amount of autofluorescence emission from the sample.

5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising, at each of the multiple locations in the sample, and for one or more of the N sample images:

adjusting values corresponding to sample emission intensity to correct for autofluorescence emission from the sample based on the amount of autofluorescence emission at each of the multiple locations and at least one pure spectrum of autofluorescence emission from the sample.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the at least one pure spectrum of autofluorescence emission comprises multiple pure spectra of autofluorescence emission, and wherein the multiple pure spectra of autofluorescence emission each correspond to a different subset of the multiple locations.

7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:

decomposing at least some of the N sample images based on the amount of autofluorescence emission from the sample at each of the multiple locations to obtain M spectral contributor images, wherein each of the M spectral contributor images corresponds to light emission only from a different one of the non-endogenous spectral contributors; and

at each of the multiple locations, determining an amount of the M non-endogenous spectral contributors in the sample.

8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising decomposing the at least some of the N sample images based on at least one pure spectrum of autofluorescence emission from the sample.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the at least one pure spectrum of autofluorescence emission comprises multiple pure spectra of autofluorescence emission, and wherein the multiple pure spectra of autofluorescence emission each correspond to a different subset of the multiple locations.

10. The method of claim 2 , further comprising classifying pixels of one or more of the sample images into different classes based on information derived from the autofluorescence image.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the different classes correspond to different cell types in the sample.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein for each of the plurality of non-endogenous spectral contributors in the sample exposed to the illumination light in the background excitation band, the spectral emission intensity at each wavelength within the background spectral band is 4% or less of the maximum measured spectral emission intensity of the non-endogenous spectral contributor following excitation of the sample in each of the wavelength bands of the illumination light and the background excitation band.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein for each of the plurality of non-endogenous spectral contributors in the sample exposed to the illumination light in the background excitation band, the spectral emission intensity at each wavelength within the background spectral band is 2% or less of the maximum measured spectral emission intensity of the non-endogenous spectral contributor following excitation of the sample in each of the wavelength bands of the illumination light and the background excitation band.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein N>3.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein N>5.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises M non-endogenous spectral contributors, and wherein M≤N.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein M>4.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein a sum of spectral emission intensities of each non-endogenous spectral contributor in the sample at each wavelength within the background spectral band is 10% or less of a total fluorescence emission intensity in the background spectral band.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein M>6.

20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the M non-endogenous spectral contributors comprise one or more fluorescent species that selectively bind to different chemical moieties in the sample.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the one or more fluorescent species comprise one or more immunofluorescent probes.

22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the M non-endogenous spectral contributors comprise one or more counterstains.