Substituted ramsdellite manganese dioxides in an alkaline electrochemical cell
Substituted ramsdellite manganese dioxide (R—MnO 2 ) compounds are provided, where a portion of the Mn is replaced by at least one alternative cation, or a portion of the O is replaced by at least one alternative anion. Electrochemical cells incorporating substituted R—MnO 2 into the cathode, as well as methods of preparing the substituted R—MnO 2 , are also provided.
1. Substituted R—MnO 2 , having at least one alternate cation substituted for a portion of the Mn or at least one alternate anion substituted for a portion of the O; wherein
i) the substituted R—MnO 2 has the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z (Mn 1-x M x )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) , wherein 0≤x≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, 0≤z≤0.10, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2, wherein M, if present, is the alternate cation; wherein A, if present, is an alkali metal; and wherein AS, if present, is the alternate anion, and is S, F, N, a halogen, or any element that can be isoelectronic to O 2− ; or
ii) the substituted R—MnO 2 has the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z (Mn 1-x-y M1 x M2 y )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) , wherein 0<(x+y)≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, 0≤z≤0.10, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2, wherein M1 and M2 are each an alternate cation; wherein M1 is different from M2; wherein A, if present, is an alkali metal; and wherein AS, if present, is S, F, N, a halogen, or any element that can be isoelectronic to O 2− .
2. The substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 1 , wherein z≤0.05.
3. The substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 1 , wherein at least one alternate cation is present, and each alternate cation, if present, is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Nb, Ni, Mg, Ru, Ti, V, and Zn, and A is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, and C.
4. A primary alkaline electrochemical cell, comprising:
a) a container; and
b) an electrode assembly disposed within the container and comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator located between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an alkaline electrolyte,
wherein the negative electrode comprises zinc, and
wherein the positive electrode comprises the substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 1 having the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z (Mn 1-x M x )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) , wherein 0≤x≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, 0≤z≤0.10, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2, wherein M, if present, is the alternate cation; wherein A, if present, is an alkali metal; and wherein AS, if present, is the alternate anion, and is S, F, N, a halogen, or any element that can be isoelectronic to O 2− .
5. A method of producing the substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 1 , comprising
i) providing a substituted spinel; and
ii) suspending the substituted spinel in aqueous acid,
so as to produce the substituted R—MnO 2 .
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the substituted spinel has the formula (Li 1-v A v )(Mn 2-2x M 2x )O 4-w AS t , wherein 0≤x≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2; and wherein M, if present, is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Nb, Ni, Mg, Ru, Ti, V, and Zn; A, if present, is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, and Cs; and AS, if present, is selected from the group consisting of S, F, N, and halogens; or
wherein the substituted spinel has the formula (Li 1-v A v )(Mn 2-2x-2y M1 2x M2 2y )O 4-w AS t , wherein 0<(x+y)≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2; wherein M1 and M2 are each an alternate cation; wherein M1 is different from M2; wherein A, if present, is an alkali metal; and wherein AS, if present, is selected from the group consisting of S, F, N, and halogens.
7. A primary alkaline electrochemical cell, comprising:
a) a container; and
b) an electrode assembly disposed within the container and comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator located between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an alkaline electrolyte,
wherein the positive electrode comprises the substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 1 having the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z (Mn 1-x-y M1 x M2 y )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) , wherein 0<(x+y)≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, 0≤z≤0.10, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2, wherein M1 and M2 are each an alternate cation; wherein M1 is different from M2; wherein A, if present, is an alkali metal; and wherein AS, if present, is S, F, N, a halogen, or any element that can be isoelectronic to O 2− .
8. The substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 1 , wherein the substituted R—MnO 2 comprises lithium.
9. The substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 1 , wherein the substituted R—MnO 2 comprises oxygen vacancies.
10. The substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 1 , wherein the substituted R—MnO 2 comprises an alternate anion.
11. The substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 1 , wherein A is present.
12. The substituted R—MnO 2 of claim 11 , wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, and Cs.
13. A method of producing a substituted R—MnO 2 , having at least one alternate cation substituted for a portion of the Mn or at least one alternate anion substituted for a portion of the O, said method comprising
i) providing a substituted λ-MnO 2 , having at least one alternate cation substituted for a portion of the Mn or at least one alternate anion substituted for a portion of the O; and
ii) suspending the substituted λ-MnO 2 in aqueous acid, so as to produce the substituted R—MnO 2 ; wherein
i) the substituted λ-MnO 2 has the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z′ (Mn 1-x M x )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) , wherein 0≤x≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, 0≤z′≤0.05, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2; wherein M, if present, is the alternate cation, M is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Nb, Ni, Mg, Ru, Ti, V, and Zn; A, if present, is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, and Cs; and AS, if present, is selected from the group consisting of S, F, N, and halogens; or
ii) the substituted λ-MnO 2 has the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z′ (Mn 1-x-y M1 x M2 y )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) , wherein 0<(x+y)≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, 0≤z′≤0.10, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2, wherein M1 and M2 are each an alternate cation; wherein M1 is different from M2; wherein A, if present, is an alkali metal; and wherein AS, if present, is selected from the group consisting of S, F, N, and halogens.
14. The method of claim 12 , further comprising suspending a spinel having the chemical formula (Li 1-v A v )(Mn 2-2x-2y M1 2x M2 2y )O 4-w AS t in an aqueous acid, so as to produce the substituted λ-MnO 2 having the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z′ (Mn 1-x M x )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) .
15. The method of claim 12 , further comprising suspending a spinel having the chemical formula (Li 1-v A v ) z (Mn 1-x M x )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) in an aqueous acid, so as to produce the substituted λ-MnO 2 having the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z′ (Mn 1-x-y M1 x M2 y )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) .
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein
i) the substituted R—MnO 2 has the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z (Mn 1-x M x )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) , wherein 0≤x≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, 0≤z≤0.05, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2; and wherein M, if present, is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Nb, Ni, Mg, Ru, Ti, V, and Zn; A, if present, is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, and Cs; and AS, if present, is selected from the group consisting of S, F, N, and halogens; or
ii) wherein the substituted R—MnO 2 has the formula (Li 1-v A v ) z (Mn 1-x-y M1 x M2 y )O 2-(w/2) AS (t/2) , wherein 0<(x+y)≤0.5, 0≤v≤0.1, 0<z≤0.10, and 0≤t≤w≤0.2, wherein M1 and M2 are each an alternate cation wherein M1 is different from M2; wherein A, if present, is an alkali metal; and wherein AS, if present, is selected from the group consisting of S, F, N, and halogens.
17. The substituted R—MnO 2 produced by the method of claim 13 .