Systems, apparatuses and methods for delivery of ablative energy to tissue
A system includes a pulse waveform generator and an ablation device coupled to the pulse waveform generator. The ablation device includes at least one electrode configured for ablation pulse delivery to tissue during use. The pulse waveform generator is configured to deliver voltage pulses to the ablation device in the form of a pulsed waveform. A first level of a hierarchy of the pulsed waveform includes a first set of pulses, each pulse having a pulse time duration, with a first time interval separating successive pulses. A second level of the hierarchy of the pulsed waveform includes a plurality of first sets of pulses as a second set of pulses, a second time interval separating successive first sets of pulses, the second time interval being at least three times the duration of the first time interval.
1. A system, comprising:
a pulse waveform generator configured to generate voltage pulses in the form of a pulsed waveform, the pulsed waveform including:
(a) a first level of a hierarchy including a first set of pulses, each pulse of the first set of pulses having a pulse time duration and being a rectangular pulse, a first time delay separating successive pulses of the first set of pulses;
(b) a second level of the hierarchy including a plurality of first sets of pulses as a second set of pulses, a second time delay separating successive first sets of pulses, the second time delay being at least three times the duration of the first time delay; and
(c) a third level of the hierarchy including a plurality of second sets of pulses as a third set of pulses, a third time delay separating successive second sets of pulses, the third time delay being at least thirty times the duration of the second time delay; and
an ablation device coupled to the pulse waveform generator, the ablation device configured to abate tissue in response to receiving the voltage pulses from the pulse waveform generator.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein each pulse of the first set of pulses is a monophasic pulse with a voltage amplitude of at least 500 Volts, the pulse time duration of each monophasic pulse being in the range from about 1 microsecond to about 300 microseconds.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein each pulse of the first set of pulses is a biphasic pulse with a voltage amplitude of at least 500 Volts, the pulse time duration of each biphasic pulse being in the range from about 0.5 nanosecond to about 20 microseconds.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein each pulse of the first set of pulses is a biphasic pulse, the first set of pulses having a frequency from about 100 kHz to about 300 kHz.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein each second set of pulses includes at least 2 first sets of pulses and less than 40 first sets of pulses.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein each third set of pulses includes at least 2 second sets of pulses and less than 30 second sets of pulses.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first time delay is greater than the pulse time duration of each pulse of the first set of pulses.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the second time delay is at least ten times the pulse time duration.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein each pulse of the first set of pulses is a biphasic pulse, the first time delay being greater than the pulse time duration of each biphasic pulse.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ablation device includes an ablation catheter configured for endocardial placement.
11. A system, comprising:
an ablation device including a plurality of electrodes configured to ablate tissue; and
a pulse waveform generator coupled to the ablation device, the pulse waveform generator configured to generate voltage pulses in the form of a pulsed waveform, the pulsed waveform including:
(a) a first level of a hierarchy including a first set of pulses, each pulse of the first set of pulses having a pulse time duration and being a rectangular pulse, a first time delay separating successive pulses of the first set of pulses;
(b) a second level of the hierarchy including a plurality of first sets of pulses as a second set of pulses, a second time delay separating successive first sets of pulses, the second time delay being at least three times the duration of the first time delay; and
(c) a third level of the hierarchy including a plurality of second sets of pulses as a third set of pulses, a third time delay separating successive second sets of pulses, the third time delay being at least thirty times the duration of the second time delay,
the pulse waveform generator configured to deliver the voltage pulses to the ablation device over a sequence of electrode sets of the plurality of electrodes by delivering at least the first sets of pulses to successive electrode sets within the sequence offset by a fourth time delay.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the fourth time delay is at most about 5 milliseconds.
13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the plurality of electrodes includes at least four electrodes, and the electrode sets include two electrode sets each including at least two of the at least four electrodes.
14. The system of claim 11 , wherein each second set of pulses includes at least 2 first sets of pulses and less than 40 first set of pulses.
15. The system of claim 11 , wherein each third set of pulses includes at least 2 second sets of pulses and less than 30 second set of pulses.
16. The system of claim 11 , wherein each pulse of the first set of pulses is a biphasic pulse with a voltage amplitude of at least 500 Volts, the pulse time duration of each biphasic pulse being in the range from about 0.5 nanosecond to about 20 microseconds.
17. The system of claim 11 , wherein the first time delay is greater than the pulse time duration of each pulse of the first set of pulses.
18. The system of claim 11 , wherein each pulse of the first set of pulses is a biphasic pulse, the first time delay being greater than the pulse time duration of each biphasic pulse.
19. The system of claim 11 , wherein the ablation device includes an ablation catheter configured for endocardial placement.
20. A system, comprising:
a cardiac stimulator configured to generate pacing signals for cardiac stimulation of a heart;
an ablation device including a plurality of electrodes configured to ablate tissue; and
a pulse waveform generator coupled to the cardiac stimulator and the ablation device, the pulse waveform generator configured to generate voltage pulses in the form of a pulsed waveform, the pulsed waveform including:
(a) a first level of a hierarchy including a first set of pulses, each pulse of the first set of pulses having a pulse time duration and being a rectangular pulse, a first time delay separating successive pulses of the first set of pulses;
(b) a second level of the hierarchy including a plurality of first sets of pulses as a second set of pulses, a second time delay separating successive first sets of pulses, the second time delay being at least three times the duration of the first time delay; and
(c) a third level of the hierarchy including a plurality of second sets of pulses as a third set of pulses, a third time delay separating successive second sets of pulses, the third time delay being at least thirty times the duration of the second time delay,
the pulse waveform generator configured to deliver the voltage pulses to the plurality of electrodes in timed synchrony with the pacing signals.
21. The system of claim 20 , wherein the pulse waveform generator is configured to deliver the voltage pulses over a sequence of electrode sets of the plurality of electrodes, such that the voltage pulses delivered to each of the electrode sets are delivered within refractory time windows associated with the pacing signals.
22. The system of claim 21 , wherein the pulse waveform generator is further configured to deliver the voltage pulses over the sequence of electrode sets by delivering at least the first sets of pulses to successive electrode sets within the sequence offset by a fourth time delay.
23. The system of claim 22 , wherein a number of the first sets of pulses, a number of the second sets of pulses, a number of the electrode sets, the pulse time duration, the first time delay, the second time delay, and the fourth time delay are jointly constrained by a Diophantine inequality.
24. The system of claim 20 , wherein the pulse waveform generator is further configured to deliver the voltage pulses to the plurality of electrodes spaced from the pacing signals by a time offset, the time offset being smaller than about 25 milliseconds.
25. The system of claim 20 , wherein the third time delay corresponds to a pacing period associated with the pacing signals.
26. The system of claim 20 , wherein the pacing signals include atrial pacing signals and ventricular pacing signals, each atrial pacing signal associated with an atrial refractory period and each ventricular pacing signal associated with a ventricular refractory period,
the voltage pulses being delivered during overlapping time windows of the atrial refractory periods and the ventricular refractory periods.
27. The system of claim 20 , wherein the second time delay is at least ten times the duration of the pulse time duration.
28. The system of claim 20 , wherein the ablation device includes an ablation catheter configured for endocardial placement.
29. The system of claim 20 , wherein the pulse waveform generator further includes a user interface, the user interface of the pulse waveform generator configured to receive an indication of confirmation of capture of the pacing signals by the heart,
the pulse waveform generator configured to deliver the voltage pulses after receipt of the indication of confirmation.
30. The system of claim 20 , wherein the voltage pulses are delivered within refractory time windows associated with the pacing signals.