Thin stackup for diffuse fluorescence system

1. An optical system, comprising:

an image sensor sensitive to one or more wavelengths of light;

a light guiding layer;

a light source positioned to emit light into a side surface of the light guiding layer, wherein the emitted light is transmitted in an in-plane direction in the light guiding layer;

an output coupler optically coupled to the light guiding layer, wherein at least a portion of the emitted light transmitted in the in-plane direction in the light guiding layer is coupled out of the light guiding layer in an out-of-plane direction via the output coupler, wherein the light guiding layer is disposed between the optical coupler and image sensor; and

a standoff disposed on the optical coupler.

2. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the image sensor comprises one or more photodetectors.

3. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the image sensor comprises at least one of: a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor, a charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor, a photonic mixer device, a modulated image intensifier, a single photon avalanche detector (SPAD), or an array of SPAD detectors.

4. The optical system of claim 1 , further comprising one or more filters disposed between the light guiding layer and the image sensor.

5. The optical system of claim 4 , wherein the one or more filters comprise a thin film filter.

6. The optical system of claim 4 , wherein the one or more filters comprise an angular filter.

7. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein at least one dimension of the standoff is selected based on a working distance of the optical system.

8. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the light source comprises at least one of a laser diode or a light emitting diode (LED).

9. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the light source comprises a first plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs) disposed along the side surface of the light guiding layer.

10. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the side surface is a first side surface, and wherein the light source is also positioned to emit light into a second side surface of the light guiding layer.

11. The optical system of claim 10 , wherein the light source comprises (i) a first plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs) disposed along the first side surface of the light guiding layer and (ii) a second plurality of LEDs disposed along the second side surface of the light guiding layer.

12. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the light guiding layer has a cylindrical shape, a conical frustum shape, or a pyramidal frustum shape.

13. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the emitted light coupled in the out-of-plane direction illuminates a sample.

14. The optical system of claim 13 , wherein the emitted light includes light at a first wavelength, wherein the one or more wavelengths comprise a second wavelength, and wherein the sample comprises a fluorophore that emits light at the second wavelength in response to excitation by light at the first wavelength.

15. An optical system, comprising:

an image sensor sensitive to one or more wavelengths of light;

a light guiding layer;

a light source positioned to emit light into an angled sidewall of the light guiding layer, wherein the emitted light is transmitted in an in-plane direction in the light guiding layer;

an output coupler optically coupled to the light guiding layer, wherein at least a portion of the emitted light transmitted in the in-plane direction in the light guiding layer is coupled out of the light guiding layer in an out-of-plane direction via the output coupler, wherein the light guiding layer is disposed between the optical coupler and the image sensor; and

a standoff disposed on the optical coupler.

16. The optical system of claim 15 , wherein the light guiding layer has a conical frustum shape or a pyramidal frustum shape.

17. The optical system of claim 15 , further comprising at least one of (i) a thin film filter disposed between the light guiding layer and the image sensor or (ii) an angular filter disposed between the light guiding layer and the image sensor.

18. The optical system of claim 15 , wherein the emitted light coupled in the out-of-plane direction illuminates a sample, wherein the emitted light includes light at a first wavelength, wherein the one or more wavelengths comprise a second wavelength, and wherein the sample comprises a fluorophore that emits light at the second wavelength in response to excitation by light at the first wavelength.

19. A device, comprising:

an optical system including (i) an image sensor sensitive to one or more wavelengths of light, (ii) a light guiding layer, (iii) a light source positioned to emit light into a side surface of the light guiding layer, wherein the emitted light is transmitted in an in-plane direction in the light guiding layer, (iv) an output coupler optically coupled to the light guiding layer, and (v) a standoff disposed on the optical coupler, wherein at least a portion of the emitted light transmitted in the in-plane direction in the light guiding layer is coupled out of the light guiding layer in an out-of-plane direction via the output coupler, wherein the light guiding layer is disposed between the optical coupler and the image sensor; and

a controller configured to operate the optical system.

20. The device of claim 19 , wherein the device is or takes a form of a smartwatch, a patch, a bracelet, a necklace, a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop computer, or another type of computing device.