Safe sequencing system
The identification of mutations that are present in a small fraction of DNA templates is essential for progress in several areas of biomedical research. Though massively parallel sequencing instruments are in principle well-suited to this task, the error rates in such instruments are generally too high to allow confident identification of rare variants. We here describe an approach that can substantially increase the sensitivity of massively parallel sequencing instruments for this purpose. One example of this approach, called “Safe-SeqS” for (Safe-Sequencing System) includes (i) assignment of a unique identifier (UID) to each template molecule; (ii) amplification of each uniquely tagged template molecule to create UID-families; and (iii) redundant sequencing of the amplification products. PCR fragments with the same UID are truly mutant (“super-mutants”) if ≥95% of them contain the identical mutation. We illustrate the utility of this approach for determining the fidelity of a polymerase, the accuracy of oligonucleotides synthesized in vitro, and the prevalence of mutations in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of normal cells.
1. An amplification reaction mixture, comprising:
a plurality of analyte DNA fragments; and
a plurality of first and second primers;
wherein the first primers comprise in 3′ to 5′ order:
a first segment complementary to a first portion of the analyte DNA fragment;
a second segment comprising a first unique identifier (UID) sequence of a plurality of first UID sequences; and
a third segment comprising a universal priming site for subsequent amplification;
wherein the second primers comprise in 3′ to 5′ order:
a first segment complementary to a second portion of the analyte DNA fragment;
a second segment complementary to a universal priming site for subsequent amplification; and
wherein the first primers are in an excess of the total number of analyte DNA fragments; and
wherein the total number of distinct first UID sequences is in excess of the total number of analyte DNA fragments.
2. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the first segment of the first primers comprises 10-100 nucleotides complementary to the first portion of the analyte DNA fragment.
3. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the first segment of the second primers comprises 10-100 nucleotides complementary to the second portion of the analyte DNA fragment.
4. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the first UID sequences of the first primers are from 2 to 4000 bases inclusive.
5. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the first UID sequences of the first primers are from 12-14 bases inclusive.
6. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 5 , wherein the first UID sequences of the first primers are not fully complementary to any portion of the analyte DNA fragment sequence.
7. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the first UID sequences of the first primers comprise random nucleotide sequences.
8. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of analyte DNA fragments are genomic DNA fragments.
9. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the second primers further comprise a third segment interposed between the first and second segments, the third segment comprising a second UID sequence of a plurality of second UID sequences.
10. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 9 , comprising 10,000 distinct first primer sequences, inclusive of the first, second, and third segments, and 10,000 distinct second primer sequences, inclusive of the first, second, and third segments.
11. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , further comprising a high fidelity DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
12. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the analyte DNA fragments are 30-150 nucleotides in length.
13. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the total number of first UID sequences in the amplification reaction mixture is at least 4,096, at least 16,384, at least 65,536, at least 262,144, at least 1,048,576, at least 4,194,304, at least 16,777,216, or at least 67,108,864.
14. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , wherein the total number of first primers is at least 4,096, at least 16,384, at least 65,536, at least 262,144, at least 1,048,576, at least 4,194,304, at least 16,777,216, or at least 67,108,864.
15. The amplification reaction mixture of claim 1 , comprising a molar ratio of first primers to analyte DNA fragments of at least about 45:1.