Integrated gas cell and optical components for atomic magnetometry and methods for making and using
A magnetometer can include a single, integrated, unitary structure that has a gas cell defining a cavity having a vapor or vaporizable material disposed therein, a collimating element coupled to the gas cell and configured for collimating light directed toward the gas cell, and a lens element coupled the gas cell and configured for redirecting at least a portion of light that has passed through the gas cell. Additionally or alternatively, a gas cell of a magnetometer may be made of sapphire.
1. An optically pumped magnetometer, comprising:
a single, integrated, unitary structure, comprising
a gas cell defining a cavity having a vapor or vaporizable material disposed therein,
a collimating element coupled to the gas cell and configured for collimating light directed toward the gas cell, wherein the collimating element is a converging lens or has a high conic-constant surface,
a quarter wave plate between the collimating element and the gas cell, and
a lens element coupled to the gas cell and configured for redirecting at least a portion of light that has passed through the gas cell, wherein the lens element is a converging lens, an aspheric lens, or an array of concentrators configured to redirect light that has passed through different regions of the gas cell to different points for detection.
2. The magnetometer of claim 1 , wherein the lens element is formed in a wall of the gas cell.
3. The magnetometer of claim 1 , wherein the quarter wave plate and collimating optical element are formed in a wall of the gas cell.
4. The magnetometer of claim 1 , further comprising a light source configured and arranged for illuminating the gas cell through the collimating element.
5. The magnetometer of claim 1 , further comprising a light detector configured and arranged for receiving light passing through the gas cell and the lens element.
6. The magnetometer of claim 1 , further comprising an assembly chamber within which the single, integrated, unitary structure is disposed.
7. The magnetometer of claim 6 , further comprising a microfluidic channel through the assembly chamber and into the gas cell.
8. The magnetometer of claim 6 , further comprising a microfluidic channel into the assembly chamber.
9. The magnetometer of claim 1 , wherein the single, integrated, unitary structure is formed of sapphire.
10. A magnetic field measurement system, comprising:
the magnetometer of claim 1 ;
a light source configured and arranged to direct light through the gas cell;
a detector configured and arranged to receive light from the light source that passes through the gas cell.
11. The magnetic field measurement system of claim 10 , further comprising a magnetic field generator configured to generate a magnetic field at the magnetometer.
12. The magnetometer of claim 1 , wherein the lens element is the aspheric lens.
13. The magnetometer of claim 1 , wherein the lens element is the array of concentrators.
14. The magnetometer of claim 1 , wherein the collimating element has the high conic-constant surface.
15. An optically pumped magnetometer, comprising:
a single, integrated, unitary structure, comprising
a gas cell defining a cavity having a vapor or vaporizable material disposed therein, wherein walls of the gas cell are formed of sapphire,
a collimating element coupled to the gas cell and configured for collimating light directed toward the gas cell, wherein the collimating element is a converging lens or has a high conic-constant surface, and
a lens element coupled to the gas cell and configured for redirecting at least a portion of light that has passed through the gas cell, wherein the lens element is a converging lens, an aspheric lens, or an array of concentrators configured to redirect light that has passed through different regions of the gas cell to different points for detection.
16. A magnetic field measurement system, comprising:
the magnetometer of claim 15 ;
a light source configured and arranged to direct light through the gas cell;
a detector configured and arranged to receive light from the light source that passes through the gas cell.
17. A magnetometer, comprising:
a gas cell made of sapphire and defining a chamber having a vapor or vaporizable material disposed therein;
a lens element forming a monolithic structure with the gas cell and configured for redirecting at least a portion of light that has passed through the gas cell, wherein the lens element is a converging lens, an aspheric lens, or an array of concentrators configured to redirect light that has passed through different regions of the gas cell to different points for detection;
a heater coupled to the gas cell and configured to heat the vapor or vaporizable material to at least 100° C.; and
a magnetic field generator configured to generate a magnetic field at the gas cell.
18. The magnetometer of claim 17 , further comprising
a light source configured and arranged to direct light through the gas cell; and
a detector configured and arranged to receive light from the light source that passes through the gas cell.
19. The magnetometer of claim 17 , wherein the gas cell further comprises a wave plate formed in a wall of the gas cell.
20. The magnetometer of claim 17 , wherein the gas cell further comprises a collimating element coupled to the gas cell and configured for collimating light directed toward the gas cell.