Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in sensor systems, devices, and related methods
A diagnostic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is applied to measure values of impedance-related parameters for one or more sensing electrodes. The parameters may include real impedance, imaginary impedance, impedance magnitude, and/or phase angle. The measured values of the impedance-related parameters are then used in performing sensor diagnostics, calculating a highly-reliable fused sensor glucose value based on signals from a plurality of redundant sensing electrodes, calibrating sensors, detecting interferents within close proximity of one or more sensing electrodes, and testing surface area characteristics of electroplated electrodes. Advantageously, impedance-related parameters can be defined that are substantially glucose-independent over specific ranges of frequencies. An Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) enables implementation of the EIS-based diagnostics, fusion algorithms, and other processes based on measurement of EIS-based parameters.
1. A method of performing real-time sensor diagnostics on a subcutaneous or implanted sensor having at least one working electrode, comprising:
(a) performing a first electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure to generate a first set of impedance-related data for the at least one working electrode, said first set of impedance-related data including a first dataset for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose independent;
(b) after a predetermined time interval, performing a second EIS procedure to generate a second set of impedance-related data for the at least one electrode, said second set of impedance-related data including a second dataset for said at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent;
(c) based only on said first and second datasets, determining whether the sensor is functioning normally; and
(d) based on said determination, sending an alert to a user of the sensor that the sensor should be replaced when the sensor is not functioning normally.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first and second EIS procedures is performed for a respective range of frequencies.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the range of frequencies for the first EIS procedure is different from the range of frequencies for the second EIS procedure.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first and second sets of impedance-related data includes data for at least one of real impedance, imaginary impedance, impedance magnitude, and phase angle.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one impedance-related parameter is real impedance.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the real impedance is measured at a frequency of 1 kHz.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one impedance-related parameter is imaginary impedance.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the imaginary impedance is measured at a frequency of 1 kHz.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein, a predetermined time period after the second EIS procedure has been performed and subsequent to step (c) and prior to step (d), a third EIS procedure is performed to generate a third set of impedance-related data for the at least one electrode, said third set of impedance-related data including a third dataset for said at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose independent, and wherein a determination is made as to whether the sensor is functioning normally based on the second and third datasets.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the predetermined time period is different from said predetermined time interval.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second and third EIS procedures are performed for the same range of frequencies.
12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second EIS procedure is performed for a range of frequencies that is different than the range of frequencies for the third EIS procedure.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes between two and five independent working electrodes.
14. A method of performing real-time sensor diagnostics on a subcutaneous or implanted sensor having at least one working electrode, comprising:
(a) performing a first electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure to generate a first set of impedance-related data for the at least one working electrode;
(b) after a predetermined time interval, performing a second EIS procedure to generate a second set of impedance-related data for the at least one electrode, wherein each of the first and second sets of impedance-related data includes values for impedance-related parameters;
(c) based on the first and second sets of impedance-related data, determining whether the sensor is functioning normally, wherein said determination comprises comparing the value of at least one impedance-related parameter from the first set of impedance-related data to the value of the same parameter from the second set of impedance-related data; and
(d) based on said determination, sending an alert to a user of the sensor that the sensor should be replaced when the sensor is not functioning normally.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein each of the first and second sets of impedance-related data includes a respective dataset for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one impedance-related parameter is real impedance.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one impedance-related parameter is imaginary impedance.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one impedance-related parameter is phase angle.
19. The method of claim 14 , wherein, a predetermined time period after the second EIS procedure has been performed and subsequent to step (c) and prior to step (d), a third EIS procedure is performed to generate a third set of impedance-related data for the at least one electrode, and wherein a determination is made as to whether the sensor is functioning normally based on the second and third sets of impedance-related data.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein each of the second and third sets of impedance-related data includes values for impedance-related parameters, and wherein the determination as to whether the sensor is functioning normally is made by comparing the value of at least one impedance-related parameter from the second set of impedance-related data to the value of the same parameter from the third set of impedance-related data.