Methods of treating patients at risk for renal injury and renal failure
The p21 biomarker is utilized in the evaluation of whether a patient is suffering from kidney injury or failure, and can be used in methods of treating kidney injury or failure by determining the appropriateness of one or more of initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing delivery of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, and modifying diuretic administration.
1. A method of treating a patient at risk for having suffered kidney injury or kidney disease progression comprising:
(a) performing an assay to determine the level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in the patient; and
(b) if the patient exhibits an elevated level of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, treating the patient to reduce the risk of further kidney injury, wherein the treatment comprises one or more of administration of one or more steroids, ACE inhibitors, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activators, Angiotensin II receptor blockers, antioxidants, aldosterone antagonists, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, vasopressin antagonists, Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, immunosuppressive agents, organ protection with a combination of iron or iron sucrose and a heme protein degradation inhibitor; or the treatment comprises one or more of initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing delivery of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, and modifying diuretic administration, wherein the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is of SEQ ID NO. 1.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the assay comprises: (i) obtaining a body fluid sample from the patient, (ii) contacting all or a portion of the body fluid sample with a binding reagent which specifically binds for detection of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, and determining an assay result indicative of binding of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 to the binding reagent to provide one or more assay results.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the treatment comprises administration of one or more steroids, cellular senescence blocking agents, ACE inhibitors, NRF2 activators, Angiotensin II receptor blockers, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, vasopressin antagonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, immunosuppressive agents, organ protection with a combination of iron or iron sucrose and a heme protein degradation inhibitor.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is treated with a combination of iron or an iron complex, and a heme protein degradation inhibitor.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is treated with a combination of iron sucrose and tin protoporphyrin.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is treated with a circuminoid formulation.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patient is treated with bardoxolone methyl.
8. A method of determining the risk of progression of acute or chronic kidney disease and tissue senescence comprising:
(a) performing an assay to determine the level of organ senescence as shown by the level of serum, urine, or plasma the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 levels in the patient; and
(b) if the patient exhibits an elevated level of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, administer a dosage of a drug known to treat senescence in the patient, wherein the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is of SEQ ID NO. 1.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the assay comprises: (i) obtaining a body fluid sample from the patient, (ii) contacting all or a portion of the body fluid sample with a binding reagent which specifically binds for detection of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, and determining an assay result indicative of binding of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 to the binding reagent to provide one or more assay results.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the dosage of the drug known to treat senescence is increased upon determination that the level of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is increased.
11. A method of treating a patient determined to be at risk for future kidney injury comprising:
(a) performing an assay to determine the level of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in the patient;
(b) performing an assay to determine the level of urinary albumin in the patient; and
(c) if the patient exhibits elevated levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and albumin, treating the patient to reduce the risk of further kidney injury, wherein the treatment comprises one or more of administration of one or more steroids, ACE inhibitors, NRF2 activators, antioxidants, aldosterone antagonists, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, vasopressin antagonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, immunosuppressive agents, organ protection with a combination of iron or iron sucrose and a heme protein degradation inhibitor; or the treatment comprises one or more of initiating renal replacement therapy, withdrawing delivery of compounds that are known to be damaging to the kidney, delaying or avoiding procedures that are known to be damaging to the kidney, and modifying diuretic administration, wherein the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is of SEQ ID NO. 1.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the patient is treated with a combination of iron or an iron complex, and a heme protein degradation inhibitor.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is recombinant human cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21.