Functionalized Sensor for Detection of Biomarkers
In one aspect, the present teachings provide a sensor for detecting troponin, e.g., cardiac troponin in a patient's blood, that relies on an electronic signature generated via interaction of troponin with an anti-troponin antibody. More specifically, as discussed in more detail below, such a sensor can include a graphene layer disposed on an underlying substrate, where the graphene layer has been functionalized with an anti-troponin antibody. The interaction of troponin in a sample, e.g., a patient's blood, with the anti-troponin antibody coupled, e.g., anchored, to the graphene substrate, can modulate an electronic property of the underlying graphene layer. The modulation of the electronic property of the graphene layer can be measured and used to identify, and in some embodiments quantify, troponin in the sample.
1 . A sensor for detecting a biomarker in a sample, comprising:
graphene layer,
a plurality of antibodies coupled to said graphene layer, said antibodies exhibiting specific binding to said biomarker,
a reference electrode disposed in vicinity of said graphene layer,
an AC voltage source for applying an AC voltage to said reference electrode so as to generate a time-varying electric field at said graphene surface, and
a plurality of electrical conductors electrically coupled to said functionalized graphene layer for measuring an electrical property of said functionalized graphene layer.
2 . The sensor of claim 1 , wherein said ac voltage source is configured to apply an ac voltage with a frequency in a range of about 1 kHz to about 1 MHz.
3 . The sensor of claim 2 , wherein said applied ac voltage has an amplitude in a range of about 1 millivolt to about 3 volts.
4 . The sensor of claim 1 , wherein said biomarker comprises any of troponin C-reactive protein, B-type natriuretic peptide, myeloperoxidase, and creatine kinase MB.
5 . A system for detecting a panel of biomarkers in a biological sample, comprising:
a plurality of sensors each configured to detect one of a plurality of biomarkers, each of said sensors comprising:
a graphene layer disposed on an underlying substrate,
a plurality of antibodies coupled to said graphene layer, wherein said antibodies exhibit specific binding to one of said plurality of biomarkers,
a plurality of electrical conductors electrically coupled to said antibody-functionalized graphene layer to measure at least one electrical property of the antibody-functionalized graphene layer.
6 . The system of claim 5 , wherein at least one of said sensors is configured for detecting troponin in said biological sample.
7 . The system of claim 5 , wherein at least one of said sensors is configured for detecting reactive protein in said biological sample.
8 . The system of claim 5 , wherein at least one of said sensors is configured for detecting B-type natriuretic peptide in said biological sample.
9 . The system of claim 5 , wherein at least one of said sensors is configured for detecting myeloperoxidase in said biological sample.
10 . The system of claim 5 , wherein at least one of said sensors is configured for detecting creatine kinase MB in said biological sample.
11 . A sensor for detecting a biomarker in a biological sample, comprising:
a test sensing unit configured for receiving said biological sample and detecting said biomarker in said biological sample if a concentration of the biomarker in the sample is above a threshold,
a calibration sensing unit configured for receiving a calibration sample for providing calibration data for use in quantifying the biomarker detected by said test sensing unit,
wherein each of said test sensing unit and the calibration sensing unit comprises:
a graphene layer disposed on an underlying substrate,
a plurality of antibodies coupled to said graphene layer, wherein said antibodies exhibiting specific binding to said biomarker, and.
a plurality of electrical conductors electrically coupled to said functionalized graphene layer for measuring an electrical property of said functionalized graphene layer.
12 . The sensor of claim 11 , wherein said biomarker comprises any of troponin, C-reactive protein, B-type natriuretic peptide, and myeloperoxidase.
13 . The sensor of claim 12 , wherein said biological sample comprises any of blood, urine, saliva, spinal fluid, vaginal secretions, fecal slurries, and pleural lavage fluid.
14 . The sensor of claim 11 , further comprising an analyzer for receiving data from said test sensing unit and said calibration sensing unit and operating on said data to quantify amount of said biomarker in said biological sample.
15 . The sensor of claim 11 , wherein each of said test sensing unit and said calibration testing unit comprises a reference electrode disposed in proximity of said graphene layer.
16 . The sensor of claim 15 , further comprising an ac voltage source for applying an ac voltage to said reference electrode.
17 . The sensor of claim 16 , wherein said ac voltage has a frequency in a range of about 1 kHz to about 1 MHz.
18 . The sensor of claim 17 , wherein said ac voltage has an amplitude in a range of about 1 millivolt to about 3 volts.
19 . A sensor for detecting troponin in a sample, comprising:
a graphene
a plurality of anti-troponin antibodies coupled to said graphene layer to generate a functionalized graphene layer, and
a plurality of electrical conductors electrically coupled to said functionalized graphene layer for measuring an electrical property of said functionalized graphene layer.
20 . The sensor of claim 19 , wherein said anti-troponin antibodies comprise antibodies exhibiting specific binding to cardiac troponin I protein.
21 . The sensor of claim 19 , wherein said anti-troponin antibodies comprise antibodies exhibiting specific binding to cardiac troponin T protein.
22 . The sensor of claim 19 , wherein said graphene layer is disposed on an underlying substrate.
23 . The sensor of claim 22 , wherein said underlying substrate comprises a semiconductor.
24 . The sensor of claim 23 , wherein said semiconductor comprises silicon.