Composite electrode
An apparatus is disclosed that includes an active storage layer including: a network of carbon nanotubes defining void spaces; and a carbonaceous material located in the void spaces and bound by the network of carbon nanotubes. In some cases, the active layer provides energy storage, e.g., in an ultracapacitor device.
1. An apparatus comprising:
an active layer substantially free of binding agents, the active layer comprising:
a network of carbon nanotubes defining void spaces, the network of carbon nanotubes making up less than 10% by weight of the active layer; where the carbon nanotubes are vertically aligned; and
a carbonaceous material located in the void spaces and bound by the network of carbon nanotubes;
wherein the active layer is configured to provide energy storage.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active layer consists essentially of the carbonaceous material and the carbon nanotubes.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active layer is bound together by electrostatic forces between the carbon nanotubes and the carbonaceous material.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material comprises activated carbon.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material comprises nanoform carbon other than carbon nanotubes.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the network of carbon nanotubes makes up less than 5% by weight of the active layer.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the network of carbon nanotubes makes up less than 1% by weight of the active layer.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an adhesion layer consisting essentially of carbon nanotubes disposed between the active layer and an electrically conductive layer.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein a surface of the electrically conductive layer facing the adhesion layer comprises a roughened or textured portion.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein a surface of the electrically conductive layer facing the adhesion layer comprises a nanostructured portion.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the nanostructured portion comprises carbide nanowhiskers.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active layer has been annealed to reduce the presence of impurities.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active layer has been compressed to deform at least a portion of the network of carbon nanotubes and the carbonaceous material.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an electrode comprising the active layer.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , further wherein the electrode is a two-sided electrode comprising a second active layer.
16. The apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising an ultracapacitor comprising the electrode.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has an operating voltage greater than 3.0 V.
18. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has an operating voltage greater than 3.2 V.
19. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has an operating voltage greater than 3.5 V.
20. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has an operating voltage greater than 4.0 V.
21. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has a maximum operating temperature of at least 250° C. at an operating voltage of at least iV for a lifetime of at least 1,000 hours.
22. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has a maximum operating temperature of at least 250° C. at an operating voltage of at least 2V for a lifetime of at least 1,000 hours.
23. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has a maximum operating temperature of at least 250° C. at an operating voltage of at least 3V for a lifetime of at least 1,000 hours.
24. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has a maximum operating temperature of at least 250° C. at an operating voltage of at least 4V for a lifetime of at least 1,000 hours.
25. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has a maximum operating temperature of at least 300° C. at an operating voltage of at least 1V for a lifetime of at least 1,000 hours.
26. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has a maximum operating temperature of at least 300° C. at an operating voltage of at least 2V for a lifetime of at least 1,000 hours.
27. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has a maximum operating temperature of at least 300° C. at an operating voltage of at least 3V for a lifetime of at least 1,000 hours.
28. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the ultracapacitor has a maximum operating temperature of at least 300° C. at an operating voltage of at least 4V for a lifetime of at least 1,000 hours.
29. A method comprising
dispersing carbon nanotubes in a solvent to form a dispersion;
mixing the dispersion with carbonaceous material to form a slurry,
applying the slurry in a layer; and
vertically aligning the carbon nanotubes in the slurry;
drying the slurry to substantially remove the solvent to form an active layer that is substantially free of binder material, the active layer comprising a network of carbon nanotubes making up less than 10% by weight of the active layer, the carbon nanotubes defining void spaces and the carbonaceous material is located in the void spaces and bound by the network of carbon nanotubes.
30. The method of claim 29 , further comprising forming and/or applying a layer of carbon nanotubes to provide an adhesion layer on a conductive layer.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the applying step comprises applying the slurry onto the adhesion layer.