Methods for non-invasive prenatal ploidy calling
The present disclosure provides methods for determining the ploidy status of a chromosome in a gestating fetus from genotypic data measured from a mixed sample of DNA comprising DNA from both the mother of the fetus and from the fetus, and optionally from genotypic data from the mother and father. The ploidy state is determined by using a joint distribution model to create a plurality of expected allele distributions for different possible fetal ploidy states given the parental genotypic data, and comparing the expected allelic distributions to the pattern of measured allelic distributions measured in the mixed sample, and choosing the ploidy state whose expected allelic distribution pattern most closely matches the observed allelic distribution pattern. The mixed sample of DNA may be preferentially enriched at a plurality of polymorphic loci in a way that minimizes the allelic bias, for example using massively multiplexed targeted PCR.
1. A method for preparing a preparation of amplified DNA derived from a maternal blood sample of a pregnant mother of a fetus useful for measuring the amount of a plurality of target loci comprising 200 to 2000 polymorphic loci without prior knowledge of parental genotypes, comprising:
a) isolating cell-free DNA from the maternal blood sample, wherein the DNA comprises fetal and maternal cell-free DNA;
b) preparing a preparation of amplified DNA by performing a multiplex PCR and a universal PCR to amplify 200 to 2000 polymorphic loci from the cell-free DNA or DNA derived therefrom, wherein a sample barcode and a sequencing-compatible adaptor are attached to the amplified DNA during the multiplex PCR or the universal PCR, and wherein the multiplex PCR comprises amplifying the 200 to 2000 polymorphic loci in one reaction mixture using target-specific primers, wherein the concentration of each target-specific primer is 1 to 20 nM, and wherein the length of an annealing step in the multiplex PCR is 10 to 20 minutes; and
c) analyzing the preparation of amplified DNA by performing next-generation sequencing to obtain sequence reads, and measuring the amounts of the 200 to 2000 polymorphic loci based on the sequence reads, wherein the measurement is performed without prior knowledge of parental genotypes, wherein the measured amounts of the target loci are used to determine an amount of fetal DNA in the maternal blood sample.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises determining a ploidy state of one or more target chromosomes of the fetus using the measured amounts of the target loci.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein measuring the amounts of target loci comprises counting the number of reads that map to a given chromosome.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the measuring provides bulk genotypic measurements of at least some of the target loci, and wherein the bulk genotypic measurements are used to determine the ploidy state of the target chromosome.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein a Z-score is determined using measurements of the amounts of target loci on the target chromosome and a reference chromosome, and the Z-score is used to determine the ploidy state of the target chromosome.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the target loci map to chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18, and/or 21 and the method further comprises determining a ploidy state for chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18, and/or 21 of the fetus using the measured amounts of the target loci.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein one or more of the target loci are from a reference chromosome.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the target loci comprise one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and wherein the determination further comprises using allele calls at the SNPs.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring comprises quantitative allele measurements.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target loci comprise one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the target loci map to a reference chromosome and one or more of the target loci map to chromosomes 13, 18, and/or 21.
12. A method for preparing a preparation of amplified DNA derived from a maternal blood sample of a pregnant mother of a fetus useful for measuring the amount of a plurality of target loci comprising 200 to 4000 polymorphic loci without prior knowledge of parental genotypes, comprising:
a) isolating cell-free DNA from the maternal blood sample, wherein the DNA comprises fetal and maternal cell-free DNA;
b) preparing a preparation of amplified DNA by performing a multiplex PCR and a universal PCR to amplify 200 to 4000 polymorphic loci from the cell-free DNA or DNA derived therefrom, wherein a sample barcode and a sequencing-compatible adaptor are attached to the amplified DNA during the multiplex PCR or the universal PCR, and wherein the multiplex PCR comprises amplifying the 200 to 4000 polymorphic loci in one reaction mixture using target-specific primers, wherein the concentration of each target-specific primer is 1 to 20 nM, and wherein the length of an annealing step in the multiplex PCR is 10 to 20 minutes; and
c) analyzing the preparation of amplified DNA by performing next-generation sequencing to obtain sequence reads, and measuring the amounts of the 200 to 4000 polymorphic loci based on the sequence reads, wherein the analyzing comprises determining a fetal fraction of cell-free DNA in the maternal blood sample and determining a z-score using measurements of the amounts of target loci on a target chromosome and a reference chromosome, and the z-score is used to determine a ploidy state of the target chromosome, and wherein the measurement is performed without prior knowledge of parental genotypes, wherein the measured amounts of target loci are used to determine an amount of fetal DNA in the maternal blood sample.