Emulsion chemistry for encapsulated droplets
System, including methods, apparatus, compositions, and kits, for making and using a stabilized emulsion. A method of generating a stabilized emulsion is provided. In the method, an aqueous phase may be provided. The aqueous phase may include an effective concentration of one or more skin-forming proteins. An emulsion may be formed. The emulsion may include droplets of a dispersed phase disposed in a continuous phase, with the aqueous phase being the continuous phase or the dispersed phase. The emulsion may be heated to create an interfacial skin between each droplet and the continuous phase, to transform the droplets into capsules.
1. A stabilized emulsion, comprising:
a continuous phase comprising a fluorinated oil and at least one anionic surfactant; and
a plurality of capsules disposed in the continuous phase, each capsule including a proteinaceous, interfacial skin encapsulating an aqueous phase.
2. The stabilized emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the anionic surfactant is a fluorinated anionic surfactant.
3. The stabilized emulsion of claim 2 , wherein the fluorinated anionic surfactant is polyfluorinated or perfluorinated or both.
4. The stabilized emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the anionic surfactant is a carboxylic acid-terminated perfluoropolyether, a carboxylate salt of a perfluoropolyether, or an amide or ester of a carboxylic acid-terminated perfluoropolyether.
5. The stabilized emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the anionic surfactant is at a concentration of 0.02% to 10% by weight.
6. The stabilized emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the continuous phase comprises a second surfactant.
7. The stabilized emulsion of claim 6 , wherein the second surfactant is a fluorinated alcohol with only one or two hydroxyl groups.
8. The stabilized emulsion of claim 7 , wherein the fluorinated alcohol is perfluorodecanol or perfluorooctanol.
9. The stabilized emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous phase comprises a sample comprising a nucleic acid.
10. The stabilized emulsion of claim 9 , wherein the aqueous phase comprises a polymerase.
11. The stabilized emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the proteinaceous skin includes at least one protein selected from the group consisting of albumin, casein, gelatin, and globulin.
12. The stabilized emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of capsules contain an indicator dye.
13. The stabilized emulsion of claim 1 , wherein the protein is at a concentration of 0.05-2% by weight.