Electrochemical-based purification of electrolyte solutions, and related systems and methods
Methods and systems for removing impurities from electrolyte solutions having three or more valence states. In some embodiments, a method includes electrochemically reducing an electrolyte solution to lower its valence state to a level that causes impurities to precipitate out of the electrolyte solution and then filtering the precipitate(s) out of the electrolyte solution. In embodiments in which the electrolyte solution is desired to be at a valence state higher than the precipitation valence state, a method of the disclosure includes oxidizing the purified electrolyte solution to the target valence.
1. A system for making a purified electrolyte solution from an electrolyte solution containing at least one impurity that precipitates out of the electrolyte solution at or below a precipitation valence, the system comprising:
a reduction system that includes:
an electrochemical reduction cell designed and configured to electrochemically reduce the electrolyte solution based on a reductant;
a recirculation loop designed and configured to recirculate at least a portion of the electrolyte solution to the electrochemical reduction cell;
a reduction-process control system in operative communication with the reduction system so as to control the valence of the electrolyte solution in the reduction system to a desired value at or below the precipitation value so as to cause the at least one impurity to precipitate out of the electrolyte solution as a precipitate; and
a solid/liquid mechanical separation system designed and configured to remove at least a portion of the precipitate out of the electrolyte solution to make the purified electrolyte solution.
2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the reduction system is a continuous flow system.
3. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical reduction cell is a hybrid electrochemical cell.
4. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the filter system comprises a coarse filter and a fine filter.
5. The system according to claim 4 , wherein the coarse filter comprises an activated carbon filter.
6. The system according to claim 4 , wherein the fine filter comprises a filter of smaller pore size than the reduction cell electrodes and the VRFB system's negative electrodes.
7. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte solution can have an oxidation state from +2 to +5, and the reduction-process control system is set to maintain a valence of the electrolyte solution in the reduction system below about 3.0.
8. The system according to claim 7 , wherein the control system is set to maintain the valence of the electrolyte solution in the reduction system at a set value between 2.0 and 2.9.
9. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the reductant comprises hydrogen gas.
10. The system according to claim 1 , further comprising an oxidation system that includes:
an electrochemical oxidation cell designed and configured to electrochemically oxidize the purified electrolyte solution based on an oxidant;
a recirculation loop designed and configured to recirculate at least a portion of the purified electrolyte solution to the electrochemical oxidation cell; and
an oxidation-process control system in operative communication with the oxidation system so as to control the valence of the purified electrolyte solution in the oxidation system to a desired final value.
11. The system according to claim 10 , wherein the oxidant comprises the formation of hydrogen gas from protons.
12. The system according to claim 11 , wherein an output of the electrochemical oxidation cell is hydrogen gas, and a least a portion of the hydrogen gas is provided to the electrochemical reduction cell.
13. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte solution can have an oxidation state from +2 to +5, and the reduction-process control system is set to control valence of the purified electrolyte solution so as to output a valence-adjusted electrolyte solution at a desired valence.
14. The system according to claim 13 , wherein the desired valence is below 3.0.
15. The system according to claim 13 , wherein the desired valence is about 3.5.
16. The system according to claim 13 , wherein the desired valence is above 4.0.
17. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the system includes an electrolyte-only electrochemical cell that functions as both the electrochemical reduction cell and the electrochemical oxidation cell.
18. The system according to claim 17 , wherein the electrolyte-only electrochemical cell has a reduction side and an oxidation side, the recirculation loop of the reduction system being fluidly connected to the reduction side, and the recirculation loop of the oxidation system being fluidly connected to the oxidation side.