Window antennas
In one aspect, an apparatus is described that includes a transparent pane having a first surface and a second surface. An electrochromic device (ECD) is arranged over the second surface that includes a first conductive layer adjacent the second surface, a second conductive layer, and an electrochromic layer between the first and the second conductive layers. The apparatus further includes at least one conductive antenna structure arranged over the second surface.
1. An apparatus comprising:
(a) a window having one or more lites, each comprising at least two surfaces having regions configured for viewing through the window;
(b) an electrochromic device disposed on a first surface of the window;
(c) one or more bus bars in electrical contact with the electrochromic device;
(d) an antenna structure disposed on the first surface or a second surface of the window, the antenna structure being separated from and formed at a different layer than at least one of the one or more bus bars; and
(e) a ground plane substantially transparent to optical wavelengths disposed on the first surface of the window, the second surface of the window, a third surface of the window, or a structure connected to the window.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the antenna structure comprises a strip line or a patch.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the antenna structure is configured as a monopole antenna.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the antenna structure further comprises a second strip line or patch, and wherein the strip lines or the patches are configured as a dipole antenna.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the antenna structure comprises a fractal structure.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the fractal structure is disposed on a plane and wherein the ground plane is substantially parallel to, or perpendicular to, the plane of the fractal structure.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the antenna structure is configured as a Yagi antenna or a log periodic antenna.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an antenna controller comprising a transmitter and/or receiver for the antenna structure and a window controller configured to control optical transitions of the electrochromic device.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the ground plane comprises a thickness of at least about 1700 nm.
10. A window antenna structure comprising:
(a) a window having one or more lites, each comprising at least two surfaces having regions that are substantially transparent at optical wavelengths;
(b) an electrochromic device disposed on a first surface of the window;
(c) one or more bus bars in electrical contact with the electrochromic device;
(d) a dipole antenna structure that is substantially transparent to optical wavelengths, the dipole antenna structure formed separately and being separated from at least one of the one or more bus bars, the dipole antenna structure disposed on the first surface or on a second surface of the window, the dipole antenna structure being at least partially supported by one or more mullions of the window.
11. The window antenna structure of claim 10 , wherein the dipole antenna structure is configured to operate as an element of a phased-array antenna.
12. The window antenna structure of claim 10 , further comprising a beamformer, which operates to steer a main lobe of an antenna beam.
13. The window antenna structure of claim 11 , wherein the phased-array antenna is configured to provide 5G cellular telephone coverage to regions external to a building supporting the window antenna structure.
14. The window antenna structure of claim 10 , wherein the dipole antenna structure is configured to provide Wi-Fi and/or cellular telephone services to regions internal to a building supporting the window antenna structure.
15. The window antenna structure of claim 10 , further including a ground plane, wherein the ground plane is provided on, or as part of, a framing component of the window.