Phase compensated multi-layer, multi-steering antenna array for millimeter wave applications

1. A multi-layer, multi-steering (MLMS) antenna array, comprising:

a superelement antenna array layer comprising a plurality of superelement subarrays, wherein each superelement subarray of the plurality of superelement subarrays includes a plurality of phase compensated slots for radiating a transmission signal;

a power division layer configured to serve as a feed to the superelement antenna array layer; and

a top layer disposed on the superelement antenna array layer.

2. The MLMS antenna array of claim 1 , wherein the superelement antenna array layer includes a first region having a first set of superelement subarrays of the plurality of superelement subarrays and a second region having a second set of superelement subarrays of the plurality of superelement subarrays, wherein the first region includes slots with phase compensation that is different from that of slots in the second region.

3. The MLMS antenna array of claim 2 , wherein slots in each of the plurality of superelement subarrays are separated by different distances and phase compensated with different phases based at least on which of the first region and the second region of the superelement antenna array layer the plurality of slots are positioned.

4. The MLMS antenna array of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of phase compensated slots in a first superelement subarray of the plurality of superelement subarrays are separated by a first distance and the plurality of phase compensated slots in a second superelement subarray of the plurality of superelement subarrays are separated by a second distance different from the first distance.

5. The MLMS antenna array of claim 4 , wherein the slots in the first set of elements of the first region are phase compensated to provide a same orientation in radio frequency (RF) beams radiating in a first direction from the first region based at least on the slots being separated in the first direction by a distance of λ g /2+Δd, where λ g is the guide wavelength and Δd is a predetermined distance offset that is added to the guide wavelength.

6. The MLMS antenna array of claim 5 , wherein the slots in the first region provide steering of the radiated RF beams in a positive elevation direction that corresponds to the first direction.

7. The MLMS antenna array of claim 4 , wherein the slots in the second set of elements of the second region are phase compensated to provide a same orientation in RF beams radiating in a second direction different from the first direction from the second region based at least on the slots being separated in the second direction by a distance of λ g /2−Δd, where λ g is the guide wavelength and Δd is a predetermined distance offset that is subtracted from the guide wavelength.

8. The MLMS antenna array of claim 7 , wherein the slots in the second region provide steering of the radiated RF beams in a negative elevation direction that corresponds to the second direction.

9. The MLMS antenna array of claim 1 , wherein the top layer comprises a metamaterial (MTM) array layer that includes a plurality of MTM cells, wherein the MTM array layer is configured to provide reactance control within the plurality of MTM cells.

10. The MLMS antenna array of claim 9 , wherein the MTM array layer comprises one or more reactance control devices embedded on each MTM cell of the plurality of MTM cells.

11. The MLMS antenna array of claim 10 , wherein the superelement antenna array layer is configured to radiate radio frequency (RF) beams at a predetermined phase shift provided by reactance control mechanisms in one or more of the power division layer or the MTM array layer, and phase compensation in the superelement antenna array layer.

12. A radar system for use in an autonomous driving vehicle, comprising:

an antenna module configured to radiate a transmission signal in a plurality of directions with a multi-layer, multi-steering (MLMS) antenna having phase compensated slots on one or more layers of the MLMS antenna based on a controlled reactance and to generate radar data capturing a surrounding environment; and

a perception module configured to detect and identify a target in the surrounding environment from the radar data and to control the antenna module.

13. The radar system of claim 12 , wherein the antenna module comprises:

a superelement antenna array layer comprising a plurality of superelement subarrays, wherein each superelement subarray of the plurality of superelement subarrays includes a plurality of phase compensated slots for radiating the transmission signal;

a power division layer configured to serve as a feed to the superelement antenna array layer, the power division layer comprising a dielectric layer interposed between a plurality of conductive layers; and

a top layer disposed on the superelement antenna array layer.

14. The radar system of claim 13 , wherein the superelement antenna array layer includes a first region having a first set of superelement subarrays of the plurality of superelement subarrays and a second region having a second set of superelement subarrays of the plurality of superelement subarrays, wherein the first region includes slots with phase compensation that is different from that of slots in the second region.

15. The radar system of claim 14 , wherein slots in each of the plurality of superelement subarrays are separated by different distances and phase compensated with different phases based at least on which of the first region and the second region of the superelement antenna array layer the plurality of slots are positioned.

16. The radar system of claim 14 , wherein the slots in the first set of elements of the first region are phase compensated to provide a same orientation in radio frequency (RF) beams radiating in a first direction from the first region based at least on the slots being separated in the first direction by a distance of λ g /2+Δd, where λ g is the guide wavelength and Δd is a predetermined distance offset that is added to the guide wavelength, wherein the slots in the first region provide steering of the radiated RF beams in a positive elevation direction that corresponds to the first direction.

17. The radar system of claim 16 , wherein the slots in the second set of elements of the second region are phase compensated to provide a same orientation in RF beams radiating in a second direction different from the first direction from the second region based at least on the slots being separated in the second direction by a distance of λ g /2−Δd, where λ g is the guide wavelength and Δd is a predetermined distance offset that is subtracted from the guide wavelength, wherein the slots in the second region provide steering of the radiated RF beams in a negative elevation direction that corresponds to the second direction.

18. A superelement antenna array, comprising:

a coupling aperture layer;

a slot array layer comprising an array of elements, wherein each element of the array of elements includes a plurality of slots penetrating through the slot array layer; and

an antenna layer interposed between the coupling aperture layer and the slot array layer,

wherein the slot array layer includes a first region having a first set of elements of the array of elements and a second region having a second set of elements of the array of elements, wherein the plurality of slots of each element of the array of elements are separated by different distances and phase compensated with different phases based at least on which of the first region and the second region of the slot array layer the plurality of slots are positioned.

19. The superelement antenna array of claim 18 , wherein the slots in the first set of elements of the first region are phase compensated to provide a same orientation in radio frequency (RF) beams radiating in a first direction from the first region based at least on the slots being separated in the first direction by a distance of λ g /2+Δd, where λ g is the guide wavelength and Δd is a predetermined distance offset that is added to the guide wavelength, and wherein the slots in the first region provide steering of the radiated RF beams in a positive elevation direction that corresponds to the first direction.

20. The superelement antenna array of claim 19 , wherein the slots in the second set of elements of the second region are phase compensated to provide a same orientation in RF beams radiating in a second direction different from the first direction from the second region based at least on the slots being separated in the second direction by a distance of λ g /2−Δd, where λ g is the guide wavelength and Δd is a predetermined distance offset that is subtracted from the guide wavelength, and wherein the slots in the second region provide steering of the radiated RF beams in a negative elevation direction that corresponds to the second direction.