Treatment of a disease of the gastrointestinal tract with an immunosuppressant

1. A method of treating ulcerative colitis in a subject, the method comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising:

an ingestible housing comprising a reservoir, the reservoir containing a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an immunosuppressant;

a release mechanism having a closed state wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is retained in the reservoir and an open state which allows for the release of the pharmaceutical formulation from the reservoir to the exterior of the ingestible device;

an actuator which controls the transition of the release mechanism from the closed state to the open state;

a detector for detecting a location of the ingestible device in the subject's gastrointestinal (GI) tract; and

a processor coupled to the detector and to the actuator, wherein the processor triggers the actuator to cause the release mechanism to transition from the closed state to the open state when the ingestible device is located in the cecum, wherein the cecum has been predetermined to be proximal to one or more disease sites,

thereby releasing the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the immunosuppressant from the ingestible device when the ingestible device is located in the cecum of the subject.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more disease sites is in the colon.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immunosuppressant is cyclosporine; or a generic equivalent thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the immunosuppressant is tacrolimus; or a generic equivalent thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ingestible device further comprises one or more machine-readable hardware storage devices that stores instructions that are executable by the processor to determine that the ingestible device is in the cecum of the subject to an accuracy of at least 70%.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises determining the location of the ingestible device in the cecum of the subject to an accuracy of at least 85%.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ingestible device is configured to detect light reflectance from an environment external to the housing.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the detected reflectance indicates that the ingestible device is located in the cecum of the subject.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the detected reflectance autonomously triggers the release of the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the immunosuppressant from the ingestible device.

10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the detected reflectance comprises light of at least two different wavelengths.

11. The method of claim 7 , wherein determining the location of the ingestible device in the cecum comprises detecting a transition of the ingestible device from the ileum to the cecum.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein detecting the transition of the ingestible device from the ileum to the cecum comprises detecting a change in the ratio of reflected red light to reflected green light.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein detecting the transition of the ingestible device from the ileum to the cecum further comprises detecting a change in the ratio of reflected green light to reflected blue light.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ingestible device comprises a gas generating cell located within the housing, wherein the gas generating cell is capable of generating a gas; and the ingestible device is configured so that, when the gas generating cell generates the gas, the gas creates an internal pressure that forces a release mechanism from a closed state, which retains the immunosuppressant in the reservoir, to an open state, thereby allowing for the release of the immunosuppressant from the reservoir to the exterior of the device.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the reservoir is configured to friction fit with the ingestible device.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the reservoir is configured to attach to the housing of the ingestible device.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the ingestible device comprises a safety device placed within or attached to the housing, wherein the safety device is configured to relieve the internal pressure within the housing when the internal pressure exceeds a threshold level.

18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising releasing the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the immunosuppressant to the cecum as a bolus.

19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining the level of immunosuppressant in the plasma of the subject following the oral administration of the ingestible device, wherein the level of immunosuppressant is lower than the level of the immunosuppressant in the plasma of a subject at substantially the same time point following systemic administration of an equal amount of the immunosuppressant.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein releasing the immunosuppressant from the ingestible device is not dependent on pH, enzymatic activity or bacterial activity at or in the vicinity of the predetermined location.