Polyetherimide powders for additive manufacturing
Provided are amorphous and at least partially crystalline polyetherimide compositions having a comparatively narrow particle size distribution and are particularly suited for additive manufacturing processes. The compositions comprise a population of polyetherimide particulates are characterized as having a zero-shear viscosity sufficiently low so as to achieve a coalescence of at least 0.5, and preferably of about 1.0, as characterized by the Frenkel model at a temperature less than 450° C.
1. A composition, comprising:
a population of polyetherimide particulates having
a) a Dv50 value, for equivalent spherical sizes of the population of polyetherimide particulates, of 45 micrometers to 80 micrometers;
b) a Dv10 value, for equivalent spherical sizes of the population of polyetherimide particulates of greater than 1 micrometer to 45 micrometers, and
c) a Dv90 value, for equivalent spherical sizes of the population of polyetherimide particulates, of about 80 micrometers to 125 micrometers,
the population of polyetherimide particulates optionally being essentially free of particulates less than about 1 micrometer in diameter, based on the equivalent spherical size of the polyetherimide particulates,
the composition optionally comprising one or more fillers, stabilizers, pigments, reinforcing agents, flame retardants, anti-drip agents, or any combination thereof, and
the composition being characterized as having a zero-shear viscosity sufficiently low so as to achieve a coalescence of at least 0.5.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polyetherimide particulates have a sphericity of greater than 0.8.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the population of polyetherimide particulates are amorphous, at least partially crystalline, or a mixture thereof.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a flow promoter in particulate form and wherein the flow promoter is present at from about 0.025 wt % to about 1.0 wt % in weight with respect to polymer weight.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the population of polyetherimide particulates is at least partially crystalline and wherein the composition further comprises a flow promoter.
6. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the flow promoter comprises a metal oxide.
7. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the flow promoter comprises silane and trimethoxyoctyl-reaction products with aluminum oxide.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polyetherimide particulates are formed from a polyetherimide resin derived from bisphenol A dianhydride, phthalic anhydride and m- or p-phenylene diamine.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the population of polyetherimide particulates has a weight-average molecular weight of polyetherimide of from about 30,000 to about 100,000 (per polystyrene standards).
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a radiation absorbing material having a λmax of from about 200 nm to about 2500 nm.
11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a test bar formed from the composition has a density of from about 75% to about 99% the density of an injection-molded article or test bar formed from a corresponding amorphous polyetherimide, and wherein the test bar is additively manufactured in the x- or y-directions, and wherein at least one of the article's tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, or Charpy impact characteristics, is between about 50% and about 100% of the corresponding characteristic in a corresponding injection-molded article.
12. The composition of claim 1 ,
wherein a test bar formed from the composition is additively manufactured in the x- or y-directions, and wherein at least one of the test bar's tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, or Charpy impact characteristics, is between about 75% and about 100% of the corresponding characteristic in a corresponding injection-molded article and
wherein a test bar formed from the composition is additively manufactured in the z-direction, and wherein at least one of the test bar's tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, flexural strength, flexural modulus, or Charpy impact characteristics, as measured in the z-direction, is greater than about 25%, of the corresponding characteristic in a corresponding additive-manufactured article manufactured in the x- or y-directions.
13. A method, comprising:
a. depositing a first layer of a composition at a working area;
wherein the composition comprises a population of polyetherimide particulates having
(i) a Dv50 value, for equivalent spherical sizes of the population of polyetherimide particulates, of 45 micrometers to 80 micrometers;
(ii) a Dv10 value, for equivalent spherical sizes of the population of polyetherimide particulates of greater than 1 micrometer to 45 micrometers, and
(iii) a Dv90 value, for equivalent spherical sizes of the population of polyetherimide particulates, of 80 micrometers to 125 micrometers,
the population of polyetherimide particulates optionally being essentially free of particulates less than about 1 micrometer in diameter, based on the equivalent spherical size of the polyetherimide particulates,
the composition optionally comprising one or more fillers, stabilizers, pigments, reinforcing agents, flame retardants, anti-drip agents, or any combination thereof, and
the composition being characterized as having a zero-shear viscosity sufficiently low so as to achieve a coalescence of at least 0.5;
b. irradiating at least a selected portion of the first layer;
c. depositing at least a second layer of the composition at the selected portion of the first layer so as to fuse together at least some of the particulates in the selected portion with the second layer,
wherein the irradiating the selected portion of the first layer heats at least the selected portion to the melting onset temperature of the composition, and
wherein the irradiating is effected such that the composition attains a zero shear viscosity of about 10 4 Pa·s or less.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the irradiating is effected by a laser sintering process.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the irradiating is effected by melting via infrared heating.
16. A method, comprising:
depositing a first layer of a composition at a working area; wherein the composition comprises a population of polyetherimide particulates having
(i) a Dv50 value, for equivalent spherical sizes of the population of polyetherimide particulates, of 45 micrometers to 80 micrometers;
(ii) a Dv10 value, for equivalent spherical sizes of the population of polyetherimide particulates of greater than 1 micrometer to 45 micrometers, and
(iii) a Dv90 value, for equivalent spherical sizes of the population of polyetherimide particulates, of 80 micrometers to 125 micrometers,
the population of polyetherimide particulates optionally being essentially free of particulates less than about 1 micrometer in diameter, based on the equivalent spherical size of the polyetherimide particulates,
the composition optionally comprising one or more fillers, stabilizers, pigments, reinforcing agents, flame retardants, anti-drip agents, or any combination thereof, and
the composition being characterized as having a zero-shear viscosity sufficiently low so as to achieve a coalescence of at least 0.5;
irradiating at least a selected portion of the first layer; and
depositing at least a second layer of the composition at the selected portion of the first layer so as to sinter together at least some of the particulates in the selected portion with the second layer.