Method and system for synthesizing fuel from dilute carbon dioxide source
A method for producing a synthetic fuel from hydrogen and carbon dioxide comprises extracting hydrogen molecules from hydrogen compounds in a hydrogen feedstock to produce a hydrogen-containing fluid stream; extracting carbon dioxide molecules from a dilute gaseous mixture in a carbon dioxide feedstock to produce a carbon dioxide containing fluid stream; and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams to produce a synthetic fuel. At least some thermal energy and/or material used for at least one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams is obtained from thermal energy and/or material produced by another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams.
1. A method for producing a synthetic fuel from hydrogen and carbon dioxide, comprising:
extracting hydrogen molecules from at least one hydrogen compound in a hydrogen feedstock to produce a hydrogen-containing feed stream;
extracting carbon dioxide molecules from a dilute gaseous mixture in an atmospheric carbon dioxide feedstock, where extracting the carbon dioxide molecules comprises:
contacting the dilute gaseous mixture with a carbon dioxide capture solution,
precipitating at least some captured carbon dioxide into CaCO 3 solids, and
operating a calciner to calcine the CaCO 3 solids to produce a calciner product gas stream comprising a carbon dioxide-containing feed stream; and
processing the hydrogen-containing feed stream and the carbon dioxide-containing feed stream to produce a synthetic fuel, where at least some material used in at least one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, or processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams comprises material produced in another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, or processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen feedstock comprises water.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the produced material produced in the another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, or processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams includes water produced during at least one of the step of extracting carbon dioxide molecules or the step of processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams, and at least some of the produced water is used for at least some of the hydrogen feedstock.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising extracting water from the calciner product gas stream to produce at least some of the produced water.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein at least some of the produced water comprises steam.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams comprises:
combining and heating the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams,
producing a syngas stream, and
extracting water from the syngas stream to produce at least some of the produced water.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising feeding at least a portion of the calciner product gas stream to a solid oxide electrolyzer cell used in the step of extracting hydrogen molecules.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of extracting carbon dioxide molecules further comprises a slaker, the material produced in the another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, or processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams includes water produced during the step of processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams and at least some of the water produced is used by the slaker.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the material produced in the another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, or processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams includes oxygen molecules produced during the step of extracting hydrogen molecules, and the method further comprises:
combusting a fuel using at least a portion of the produced oxygen molecules during at least one of the steps of extracting carbon dioxide molecules or processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein combusting at least a portion of the produced oxygen molecules and the fuel produces heat for producing a calciner product gas stream during the step of extracting carbon dioxide molecules.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the material produced in the another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, or processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams includes a fuel produced during the step of processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams, and the method further comprises:
combusting at least a portion of the produced fuel during at least one of the steps of extracting carbon dioxide molecules and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least some energy for performing the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams is provided by an electricity source.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams comprises operating a syngas generation reactor (“SGR”) unit at a pressure selected to enable the SGR unit to receive the carbon dioxide containing feed stream from the calciner without being cooled and compressed between the calciner and the SGR unit.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the SGR unit is operated at a pressure of between 1 and 10 bar, and the received carbon dioxide containing feed stream has a temperature of between 850-900° C.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams comprises operating a syngas generation reactor (“SGR”) unit, and the method further comprises:
feeding the carbon dioxide containing feed stream and one or more reactant feed streams into the SGR unit, the one or more reactant feed streams comprising at least one of a hydrogen reactant feed stream, a CH 4 reactant feed stream, a water reactant feed stream, or a Fischer Tropsch light end hydrocarbon reactant feed stream.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising operating the SGR unit to produce a syngas product stream by at least one of a reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction, steam methane reforming (SMR) reaction, or a direct methane reforming (DMR) reaction.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising treating the syngas product stream to produce one or more recycle streams that provide reactant to the SGR unit.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising electrically heating at least one or more of the recycle streams and the reactant feed streams.
19. The method of claim 13 , further comprising heating the SGR unit with thermal energy produced by electricity.
20. The method of claim 13 , further comprising heating a CaCO 3 material stream used in extracting carbon dioxide molecules with thermal energy from a syngas product stream from the SGR unit.
21. The method of claim 20 , further comprising directly contacting the CaCO 3 material stream with the syngas product stream and operating the SGR in a reverse water gas shift (RWGS) mode, with at least one of a steam methane reforming (SMR) mode or a dry methane reforming (DMR) mode.
22. The method of claim 13 , further comprising heating the calciner with thermal energy produced by electricity.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of calcining CaCO 3 material comprises:
operating a fluidized bed reactor vessel of the calciner, and
discharging a hot CaO solids stream from the calciner.
24. The method of claim 23 , further comprising pre-heating the CaCO 3 material prior to entry into the calciner with thermal energy from a calciner product gas stream.
25. The method of claim 24 , further comprising:
extracting water from the calciner product gas stream,
boiling the extracted water to produce steam, and
fluidizing the fluidized bed reactor vessel with the steam.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing feed streams comprises operating a syngas generation reactor (“SGR”) unit, and the method further comprising preheating at least one SGR reactant feed stream before feeding to the SGR unit, with thermal energy from a syngas product stream discharged from the SGR unit; and
the SGR reactant feed stream comprises at least one of a carbon dioxide reactant feed stream, a hydrogen reactant feed stream, a CH 4 reactant feed stream, a water reactant feed stream, or a Fischer Tropsch light end hydrocarbon reactant feed stream, wherein the carbon dioxide reactant feed stream includes at least some of the carbon dioxide containing feed stream, and the hydrogen reactant feed stream comprises at least some of the hydrogen containing feed stream.