Neutralization in electro-chemical activation systems
A neutralization cell is provided which may be used to increase a pH level of a chlorine solution. The neutralization cell includes a neutralization anode, a neutralization cathode, an inlet, and an outlet. The neutralization anode and the neutralization cathode are positioned to divide the neutralization cell into a middle area between the neutralization anode and the neutralization cathode, an anode area on a side of the neutralization anode furthest from the neutralization cathode, and a cathode area on a side of the neutralization cathode furthest from the neutralization anode. The inlet directs the chlorine solution into the neutralization cell by directing an incoming flow of the chlorine solution into the anode area. The outlet directs the chlorine solution out of the neutralization cell by directing an outgoing flow of the chlorine solution from the cathode area.
1. A neutralization cell for increasing a pH level of a chlorine solution, the neutralization cell comprising:
a neutralization anode;
a neutralization cathode, wherein the neutralization anode and the neutralization cathode are positioned away from oppositely facing walls of the neutralization cell to divide the neutralization cell into a middle area between the neutralization anode and the neutralization cathode, an anode area between a side of the neutralization anode furthest from the neutralization cathode and one of the oppositely facing walls furthest from the neutralization cathode, and a cathode area between a side of the neutralization cathode furthest from the neutralization anode and the other of the oppositely facing walls;
an inlet configured to direct a chlorine solution into the neutralization cell by directing an incoming flow of the chlorine solution into the anode area; and
an outlet configured to direct the chlorine solution out of the neutralization cell by directing an outgoing flow of the chlorine solution from the cathode area,
wherein the neutralization anode is non-solid and configured to permit the chlorine solution to flow through the neutralization anode from the anode area into the middle area and wherein the neutralization cathode is non-solid and configured to permit the chlorine solution to flow through the neutralization cathode from the middle area into the cathode area.
2. The neutralization cell of claim 1 , wherein the neutralization anode is configured to cause a first reaction 2Cl − →Cl 2 +2 e − to occur at or near a surface of the neutralization anode upon powering and wherein the neutralization cathode is configured to cause a second reaction 2H 2 O+2 e − →H 2 +2OH − to occur at or near a surface of the neutralization cathode upon powering.
3. The neutralization cell of claim 1 , wherein the non-solid neutralization anode and the non-solid neutralization cathode are configured as at least one of a slotted electrode, a porous electrode, a divided electrode, or a mesh electrode.
4. The neutralization cell of claim 1 , further comprising:
an anode guide located in the anode area and configured to direct a flow of the chlorine solution from the inlet across a length of the neutralization anode.
5. The neutralization cell of claim 4 , wherein the length of the neutralization anode across which the anode guide directs the flow of the chlorine solution is in a range from at least half an entire length of the neutralization anode to the entire length of the neutralization anode.
6. The neutralization cell of claim 4 , wherein the anode guide comprises a plurality of separated projections distributed across the length of the neutralization anode, each projection oriented approximately perpendicular to, and extending away from, the neutralization anode.
7. The neutralization cell of claim 6 , wherein each projection has an end furthest from the neutralization anode which is curved towards the inlet.
8. The neutralization cell of claim 4 , wherein the anode guide comprises a perforated separator, a meshed separator, baffles, a grid, a plurality of particles, or a plurality of fibers.
9. The neutralization cell of claim 4 , wherein the anode guide comprises a perforated or meshed separator positioned approximately parallel to a surface of the neutralization anode or a plurality of particles or fibers filling at least a portion of the anode area.
10. The neutralization cell of claim 4 , further comprising:
a cathode guide located in the cathode area and configured to direct a flow of the chlorine solution from across a length of the neutralization cathode toward the outlet.
11. The neutralization cell of claim 10 , wherein the cathode guide comprises a plurality of separated projections, a perforated separator, a meshed separator, baffles, a grid, a plurality of particles, or a plurality of fibers.
12. The neutralization cell of claim 10 , further comprising:
a middle guide located in the middle area and configured to direct a flow of the chlorine solution across the middle area from the length of the neutralization anode to the length of the neutralization cathode.
13. The neutralization cell of claim 12 , wherein the anode guide is located away from the neutralization anode by at least a predetermined distance, the cathode guide is located away from the neutralization cathode by at least the predetermined distance, and the middle guide is located away from each of the neutralization anode and the neutralization cathode by the predetermined distance.
14. The neutralization cell of claim 13 , wherein the predetermined distance is about 1 mm.
15. An electrochemical activation system comprising the neutralization cell of claim 1 , and a chamber cell separated from the neutralization cell, the chamber cell comprising an anode chamber and a cathode chamber and configured to generate the incoming flow of the chlorine solution into the inlet via electrolysis.
16. The neutralization cell of claim 1 , wherein the non-solid neutralization anode and the non-solid neutralization cathode are each configured as a porous electrode.
17. A method of increasing a pH level of a chlorine solution, the method comprising:
causing a flow of a chlorine solution to pass through a neutralization cell comprising a neutralization anode and a neutralization cathode, wherein the flow of the chlorine solution enters the neutralization cell in an anode area on a side of the neutralization anode furthest from the neutralization cathode, passes through the neutralization anode, passes through a middle area between the neutralization anode and the neutralization cathode, passes through the neutralization cathode, and exits the neutralization cell from a cathode area on a side of the neutralization cathode furthest from the neutralization anode; and
powering the neutralization anode and the neutralization cathode while causing the flow of the chlorine solution, thereby increasing a pH level of the chlorine solution.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein powering the neutralization anode and the neutralization cathode causes a first reaction 2Cl − →Cl 2 +2 e − to occur at or near a surface of the neutralization anode and a second reaction 2H 2 O+2 e − →H 2 +2OH − to occur at or near a surface of the neutralization cathode.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein products of the first and second reactions permit reactions to occur in the neutralization cell as follows:
Cl 2 +2OH − →ClO − +H 2 O; and
H + +OH − →H 2 O.
20. The method of claim 17 , further comprising generating the flow of the chlorine solution entering the neutralization cell via electrolysis in a chamber cell separated from the neutralization cell, the chamber cell comprising an anode chamber and a cathode chamber.