Flow-By Electrode Unit And Use Thereof, Redox Flow Battery System And Use Thereof, Method Of Manufacturing A Flow-By Electrode Unit, Method Of Operating A Redox Flow Battery System
A flow-by electrode unit is provided, in particular for a redox flow battery, including a flow-by electrode which includes a substrate and has at least one open flux surface structure. Moreover, a use of the flow-by electrode unit, a method of manufacturing a flow-by electrode unit, a redox flow battery system and a use thereof, and a method of operating a redox flow battery system is described.
1 . A flow-by electrode unit, in particular for a redox flow battery, comprising a flow-by electrode ( 50 ; 55 ) including a substrate ( 52 ) and having at least one open flux surface structure ( 54 ) including a plurality of flow barriers ( 60 ) and a plurality of flow channels ( 56 ) formed by or between said flow barriers ( 60 ).
2 . The unit according to claim 1 , wherein one or more of the flow barriers ( 60 ) has a U-shape.
3 . The unit according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein one or more of the flow barriers ( 60 ) has two lateral end parts and a bent middle part on which at least one or two protrusion(s) is/are formed.
4 . The unit according to claim 3 , wherein at least one of the end parts and/or at least one of the protrusions has a tapered tip.
5 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said flow barriers ( 60 ) are arranged in a pattern, said pattern preferably including at least one row of flow barriers ( 60 ).
6 . The unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said pattern is an offset pattern preferably including at least two offset rows of flow barriers.
7 . The unit according to any one of claim 5 or 6 , wherein at least two of the rows are arranged vertically to the flow direction.
8 . The unit according to any one of claims 5 to 7 , wherein the flow barriers ( 60 ) of at least two neighboring rows are arranged in an alternating pattern.
9 . The unit according to any one of claims 5 to 8 , wherein the lateral end parts of one or more of the flow barriers ( 60 ) are directed in the flow direction and/or vice versa.
10 . The unit according to any one of claims 5 to 9 , wherein the bent middle part of one or more of the flow barriers ( 60 ) has at least one protrusion or two protrusions provided in opposite directions, the protrusion(s) being arranged in parallel to the flow direction.
11 . The unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the plurality of flow channels includes at least one meandering flow channel ( 56 ).
12 . The unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the open flux surface structure ( 54 ) defines an electrolyte flow direction along the flow-by electrode.
13 . The unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or more of the flow channels ( 56 ) and/or flow barriers ( 60 ) are configured for stalling a fluid electrolyte flowing in flow direction.
14 . The unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said plurality of flow barriers ( 60 ) are as shown in FIG. 6 A.
15 . The unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the substrate ( 52 ) is positioned between two open flux surface structures ( 54 ) as defined in claims 2 to 12 .
16 . The unit according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one open flux surface structure ( 54 ) is electrochemically active.
17 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the flow-by electrode unit and the substrate ( 52 ) includes or is a bipolar plate or an endplate, in particular for a redox flow battery.
18 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the flow-by electrode unit is substantially impermeable to electrolyte or is substantially non-porous.
19 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the flow-by electrode ( 50 ; 55 ) and the substrate ( 52 ) form an integral unit.
20 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the flow-by electrode ( 50 ; 55 ) and the substrate ( 52 ) are formed of a composite material.
21 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the flow-by electrode ( 50 ; 55 ) includes at least one protection/contact layer formed on the substrate.
22 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the flow-by electrode ( 50 ; 55 ) includes at least one electrochemically active layer formed on the substrate and/or on one or more of the protection/contact layer.
23 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein one or more profiles of the at least one open flux surface structure ( 54 ) is formed in the substrate and/or in at least one of the protection/contact layers and/or in at least one of the electrochemically active layers.
24 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the substrate ( 52 ), the protection/contact layer and/or the electrochemically active layer is/are electrically conductive.
25 . The unit according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the substrate ( 52 ) includes at least one component selected from a metal, a light metal, a transition metal, a metal alloy, alloy steel, an electrically conductive composite, a polymer, carbon, and a carbon modification or mixtures thereof.
26 . The unit according to claim 25 , wherein the substrate ( 52 ) comprises a mixture of polypropylene and carbon or a carbon modification; or a mixture of polyvinylchloride and carbon or a carbon modification; or a mixture of polyethylene and carbon or a carbon modification.
27 . The unit according to claim 26 , wherein said carbon modification is selected from graphite.
28 . The unit according to any of claims 21 to 27 , wherein the protection/contact layer includes at least one component selected from an electrically conductive polymer, electrically conductive ceramics, carbon, a carbon modification, a metal, and a binder.
29 . The unit according to any of claims 22 to 28 , wherein the electrochemically active layer includes at least one component selected from a metal, a metal compound, carbon, a carbon compound, an electrically conductive ceramic, and a binder.
30 . A use of a flow-by electrode unit according to any of the preceding claims in an energy storage and/or supply device, in particular in a redox flow battery.
31 . A use of a flow-by electrode unit according to any of claims 1 to 29 for storing and/or supplying energy.
32 . A method of manufacturing a flow-by electrode unit according to any of claims 1 to 29 , comprising forming an electrode body including a substrate ( 52 ) and at least one open flux surface structure ( 54 ).
33 . A redox flow battery system, comprising at least two cells ( 71 ) each including a negative half-cell and a positive half-cell separated by a membrane; a first half-cell group formed by at least two of the negative half-cells which are fluidly combined by a first electrolyte ducting ( 78 ) fluidly connected to a negative half-cell electrolyte reservoir; a second half-cell group formed by at least two of the positive half-cells which are fluidly combined by a second electrolyte ducting ( 79 ) fluidly connected to a positive half-cell electrolyte reservoir; wherein at least one or each of the half-cells includes a flow-by electrode unit according to any of claims 1 to 29 .
34 . The redox flow battery system according to claim 33 , further comprising a third half-cell group formed by at least two other of the negative half-cells, the at least two other negative half-cells being fluidly combined by a third electrolyte ducting fluidly connected to the negative half-cell electrolyte reservoir; and a fourth half-cell group formed by at least two other of the positive half-cells, the at least two other positive half-cells being fluidly combined by a fourth electrolyte ducting fluidly connected to the positive half-cell electrolyte reservoir;
wherein at least one or each of the other half-cells includes a flow-by electrode unit according to any of claims 1 to 39 ; and
wherein the first and third half-cell groups are combined in parallel by the first and third electrolyte ductings, and the second and fourth half-cell groups are combined in parallel by the second and fourth electrolyte ductings.
35 . The redox flow battery system according to claim 33 or 34 , wherein the cells are separated by conductive intercell separators ( 72 ), the flow-by electrode unit according to any of claims 1 to 29 being included in one or more of the conductive intercell separators.
36 . The redox flow battery system according to any of claims 33 to 35 , wherein the cells are confined by one or more endplates ( 74 ), the flow-by electrode unit according to any of claims 1 to 29 being included in one or more of the endplates.
37 . The redox flow battery system according to any of claims 33 to 36 , wherein within one or more of the first and third half-cell groups two or more of the fluidly combined negative half-cells are serially combined with each other.
38 . The redox flow battery system according to any of claims 33 to 37 , wherein within one or more of the second and fourth half-cell groups two or more of the fluidly combined positive half-cells are serially combined with each other.
39 . A use of the redox flow battery system of any of claims 33 to 48 for storing and/or supplying energy.
40 . A method of operating a redox flow battery system according to any of claims 33 to 38 , comprising flowing a negative half-cell electrolyte via a first electrolyte ducting ( 78 ) from a negative half-cell electrolyte reservoir through a first half-cell group of fluidly combined negative half-cells and back to the negative half-cell electrolyte reservoir; and flowing a positive half-cell electrolyte via a second electrolyte ( 79 ) ducting from a positive half-cell electrolyte reservoir through a second half-cell group of fluidly combined positive half-cells and back to the positive half-cell electrolyte reservoir; wherein the negative half-cell electrolyte is a fluid and includes reversibly reducible and oxidizable chemical species of a first redox couple, and the positive half-cell electrolyte is a fluid and includes reversibly reducible and oxidizable chemical species of a second redox couple.
41 . The method according to claim 40 , the method being performed using the system of any of claims 34 to 38 , the method further comprising:
flowing the negative half-cell electrolyte via a third electrolyte ducting from the negative half-cell electrolyte reservoir through a third half-cell group of fluidly combined negative half-cells and back to the negative half-cell electrolyte reservoir; and
flowing the positive half-cell electrolyte via a fourth electrolyte ducting from the positive half-cell electrolyte reservoir through a fourth half-cell group of fluidly combined positive half-cells and back to the positive half-cell electrolyte reservoir;
wherein the negative half-cell electrolyte is flown in parallel into the first and third half-cell groups; and the positive half-cell electrolyte is flown in parallel into the second and fourth half-cell groups.
42 . The method according to claim 40 or 41 , wherein at least one of the negative half-cell electrolyte and the positive half-cell electrolyte are flown against and/or along the flow-by electrodes of the respective half-cells.