Pulsed power supply for sustainable redox agent supply for hydrogen abatement during electrochemical hypochlorite generation
A method of operating an electrochemical cell including introducing an aqueous solution into the electrochemical cell, applying a current across an anode and a cathode to produce a product, monitoring the voltage, dissolved hydrogen, or a condition of the aqueous solution, and applying the current in a pulsed waveform responsive to one of the measured parameters is disclosed. An electrochemical system including an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode, a source of an aqueous solution having an outlet fluidly connectable to the electrochemical cell, a sensor for measuring a parameter, and a controller configured to cause the anode and the cathode to apply the current in a pulsed waveform responsive to the parameter measurement is disclosed. Methods of suppressing accumulation of hydrogen gas within the electrochemical cell are also disclosed. Methods of facilitating operation of an electrochemical cell are also disclosed.
1. A method of operating an electrochemical cell, the method comprising steps of:
introducing a chloride-containing aqueous solution into an electrochemical cell between an anode and a cathode of the electrochemical cell;
applying a current across the anode and the cathode at less than 1.6 volts to generate a hypochlorite-containing product compound from the chloride-containing aqueous solution in the electrochemical cell;
monitoring at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of the voltage, a concentration of dissolved hydrogen in a product solution generated in the electrochemical cell, and a condition of the chloride-containing aqueous solution associated with hydrogen gas production, the condition of the chloride-containing aqueous solution being selected from the group consisting of flow rate, dissolved oxygen concentration, dissolved hydrogen concentration, pH, ORP, and temperature of the chloride-containing aqueous solution being introduced into the electrochemical cell; and
applying the current across the anode and the cathode in a pulsed waveform responsive to the at least one parameter being outside of a predetermined range, wherein pulsed power is applied in a pulse of less than 500 seconds, in a cathodic potential of less than 1.6 volts and each parameter of the condition is controlled to maintain the voltage.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling one or more of a duration of pulses of the current, a rate of incidence of pulsed current, and a magnitude of the current applied across the anode and the cathode based on the condition of the chloride-containing aqueous solution.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling a rate of introduction of the chloride-containing aqueous solution based on the condition of the chloride-containing aqueous solution.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling one or more of a duration of pulses of the current, a rate of incidence of pulsed current, and a magnitude of the current applied across the anode and the cathode based on at least one of a flow rate of the chloride-containing aqueous solution, the voltage, and the concentration of dissolved hydrogen in the product solution.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling a rate of introduction of the chloride-containing aqueous solution based at least on one or more of a flow rate of the product solution out of the electrochemical cell, and a concentration of the hypochlorite-containing product compound in the product solution.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing an oxidizing agent into the chloride-containing aqueous solution upstream of the electrochemical cell.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein introducing the oxidizing agent into the chloride-containing aqueous solution comprises introducing one or more of gaseous oxygen, ozone, air, oxygen-enriched air, and hydrogen peroxide into the chloride-containing aqueous solution.
8. The method of claim 1 , comprising applying the current across the anode and the cathode in the pulsed waveform responsive to the voltage being outside a range of 0.5 V or more and less than 1.6 V.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chloride-containing aqueous solution is a saline aqueous solution including one of seawater, brine, or brackish water, and the rate of introduction of the chloride-containing aqueous solution is controlled based on a concentration of chloride in the chloride-containing aqueous solution.
10. A method of suppressing accumulation of hydrogen gas in an electrochlorination cell, the method comprising steps of:
introducing a chloride-containing liquid electrolyte into an electrochlorination cell between an anode and a cathode of the electrochlorination cell;
monitoring at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a voltage applied across the anode and the cathode, a concentration of dissolved hydrogen in a hypochlorite-containing product solution generated in the electrochlorination cell, and a condition of the liquid electrolyte selected from the group consisting of flow rate, dissolved oxygen concentration, dissolved hydrogen concentration, pH, ORP, and temperature of the liquid electrolyte being introduced into the electrochlorination cell; and
applying a current across the anode and the cathode in a pulsed waveform responsive to the parameter being outside of a range sufficient to prevent generation of hydrogen gas within the electrochlorination cell, wherein power is applied in a pulse of less than 500 seconds, in a cathodic potential of less than 1.6 volts and the parameters are controlled to maintain the voltage.