Metallic foam anode coated with active oxide material
A three-dimensional metallic foam is fabricated with an active oxide material for use as an anode for lithium batteries. The porous metal foam, which can be fabricated by a freeze-casting process, is used as the anode current collector of the lithium battery. The porous metal foam can be heat-treated to form an active oxide material to form on the surface of the metal foam. The oxide material acts as the three-dimensional active material that reacts with lithium ions during charging and discharging.
1. A method comprising:
pouring a titanium metal slurry on a copper rod that is standing in a vessel under liquid nitrogen;
freezing the metal slurry where titanium metal particles are piled up and physically attached between growing ice crystals;
forming a porous green-body by drying the ice crystals of the frozen slurry at sufficiently low temperature, leaving pores in place of the ice crystals with physical attachment, wherein the sufficiently low temperature comprises any temperature at or below freezing;
constructing a porous metal foam by reducing and sintering the porous green-body in a vacuum comprising
reducing the porous green-body at 300 degrees Celsius for 3 hours, and
sintering the porous green-body at 1100 degrees Celsius for 7 hours; and
forming an anatase oxidation layer for the porous metal foam comprising
presoaking the porous metal foam in hydrogen peroxide at 100 degrees Celsius or more for 3 or more hours, and
after the presoaking, oxidizing the porous metal foam in an air furnace in a single heat-treatment step at from 400 degrees Celsius to 800 degrees Celsius to obtain the anatase oxidation layer.
2. The method of claim 1 comprises:
in a solution, dissolving polyvinyl alcohol in water; and
adding titanium powder to the solution to form a titanium metal slurry.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the forming a porous green-body by drying the ice crystals occurs at 0 degrees Celsius or less for at least 24 hours.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidizing in an air furnace is for 6 hours.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein after forming the anatase oxidation layer, a resulting structure comprises a first layer comprising the anatase oxidation layer, a porous oxide, and a second layer comprising the porous metal foam.
6. A method comprising:
pouring a titanium metal slurry on a copper rod that is standing in a vessel under liquid nitrogen;
freezing the metal slurry where titanium metal particles are piled up and physically attached between growing ice crystals;
forming a porous green-body by drying the ice crystals of the frozen slurry at sufficiently low temperature, leaving pores in place of the ice crystals with physical attachment, wherein the sufficiently low temperature comprises any temperature at or below freezing;
constructing a porous metal foam by reducing and sintering the porous green-body in a vacuum comprising a reduction at a first temperature and a sintering at a second temperature, above the first temperature; and
forming an anatase oxidation layer for the porous metal foam consisting of
presoaking the porous metal foam in hydrogen peroxide, and
after the presoaking, heating the porous metal foam at a third temperature in an air furnace, wherein the third temperature is between the first and second temperatures, and the third temperature is from 400 degrees Celsius to 800 Celsius degrees.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the presoaking the porous metal foam in hydrogen peroxide occurs at 50 to 150 degrees Celsius.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the presoaking the porous metal foam in hydrogen peroxide occurs for 3 or more hours.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the presoaking the porous metal foam in hydrogen peroxide occurs for 3 or fewer hours.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein the presoaking the porous metal foam in hydrogen peroxide occurs for 2 hours to about 4 hours.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein the first temperature is 200 degrees Celsius or more and below the second and third temperatures, and the second temperature is 1100 degrees Celsius or more.
12. The method of claim 6 wherein after forming the anatase oxidation layer, a resulting structure comprises a first layer of the anatase oxidation layer, a porous oxide, and a second layer of the porous metal foam.
13. The method of claim 12 comprising combining a carbon material with the resulting structure.
14. The method of claim 6 wherein the heating of the porous metal foam at the third temperature occurs for 6 hours.
15. A method comprising:
pouring a titanium metal slurry on a copper rod that is standing in a vessel under liquid nitrogen;
freezing the metal slurry where titanium metal particles are piled up and physically attached between growing ice crystals;
forming a porous green-body by drying the ice crystals of the frozen slurry at sufficiently low temperature, leaving pores in place of the ice crystals with physical attachment, wherein the sufficiently low temperature comprises any temperature at or below freezing;
constructing a porous metal foam by reducing and sintering the porous green-body in a vacuum comprising a reduction at a first temperature for a T1 time period and a sintering at a second temperature, above the first temperature, for a T2 time period; and
forming an anatase oxidation layer for the porous metal foam consisting of
presoaking the porous metal foam in hydrogen peroxide for a T3 time period, and
after the presoaking, heating the porous metal foam at a third temperature for a T4 time period in an air furnace, wherein the third temperature is between the first and second temperatures, and
the first temperature is 200 degrees Celsius or more and below the second and third temperatures, the second temperature is 1100 degrees Celsius or more, and the third temperature is from 400 degrees Celsius to 800 Celsius degrees.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the T2 time period is greater than the T1 time period.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the T3 time period is less than the T2 time period.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the T2 time period is greater than the T1 time period,
the T3 time period is less than the T2 time period, and
the T4 time period is less than the T2 time period and greater than the T3 time period.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein T3 is from 2 hours to 4 hours.
20. The method of claim 15 wherein after forming the anatase oxidation layer, a resulting structure comprises a first layer of the anatase oxidation layer, a porous oxide, and a second layer of the porous metal foam.
21. The method of claim 20 comprising combining a carbon material with the resulting structure.