Fabrication of electrochromic devices
Electrochromic devices and methods may employ the addition of a defect-mitigating insulating layer which prevents electronically conducting layers and/or electrochromically active layers from contacting layers of the opposite polarity and creating a short circuit in regions where defects form. In some embodiments, an encapsulating layer is provided to encapsulate particles and prevent them from ejecting from the device stack and risking a short circuit when subsequent layers are deposited. The insulating layer may have an electronic resistivity of between about 1 and 10 8 Ohm-cm. In some embodiments, the insulating layer contains one or more of the following metal oxides: aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel tungsten oxide, and oxidized indium tin oxide. Carbides, nitrides, oxynitrides, and oxycarbides may also be used.
1. An electrochromic device comprising:
a first electrode layer disposed on a substrate, the first electrode layer comprising a first transparent electronically conductive material;
an electrochromic stack on the first electrode, the electrochromic stack comprising an electrochromic layer of electrochromic material and a counter electrode layer of counter electrode material;
a second electrode layer over the electrochromic stack, the second electrode layer comprising a second transparent electronically conductive material; and
a defect-mitigating insulating layer sealing a pop-off defect in the electrochromic device stack;
wherein the defect-mitigating insulating layer comprises a substantially transparent and electronically insulating material, and wherein the defect-mitigating insulating layer contacts the first electrode layer at the pop-off defect.
2. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the defect-mitigating insulating layer contacts at least the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer at the pop-off defect.
3. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein depositing the defect-mitigating insulating layer prevents electronically conducting layers and/or electrochromically active layers of the device from contacting layers of the opposite polarity and creating a short circuit in the region of the pop-off defect.
4. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electrochromic stack comprises lithium.
5. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronically insulating material of the defect-mitigating insulating layer is a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal carbide, a metal oxynitride, or a metal oxycarbide.
6. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronically insulating material of the defect-mitigating insulating layer is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) cerium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel tungsten oxide, tantalum oxide, and oxidized indium tin oxide;
(b) titanium nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, tungsten nitride;
(c) titanium carbide, aluminum carbide, silicon carbide, tantalum carbide, and tungsten carbide; and
(d) silicon oxynitride.
7. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the defect-mitigating insulating layer is between about 5 nm and 500 nm thick.
8. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the defect-mitigating insulating layer is between about 10 nm and 100 nm thick.
9. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronically insulating material of the defect-mitigating insulating layer has an electronic resistivity of about 10 −4 Ω-cm to 10 14 Ω-cm.
10. The electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the electronically insulating material of the defect-mitigating insulating layer has an electronic resistivity of about 10 6 to 5×10 12 Ω-cm.