Varistor passivation layer and method of making the same
In general, a varistor including a passivation layer and a method of forming such a varistor are disclosed. The varistor comprises a ceramic body comprising a plurality of alternating dielectric layers and electrode layers. The varistor also comprises a first external terminal on a first end surface and a second external terminal on a second end surface opposite the first end surface wherein at least two side surfaces extend between the first end surface and the second end surface. The varistor also comprises a passivation layer on at least one side surface of the ceramic body between the first external terminal and the second external terminal. The passivation layer includes a phosphate and a metal additive including an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a mixture thereof. The passivation layer has an average thickness of from 0.1 microns to 30 microns.
1. A varistor comprising: a ceramic body comprising a plurality of alternating dielectric layers and electrode layers, a first external terminal on a first end surface and a second external terminal on a second end surface opposite the first end surface, at least two side surfaces extending between the first end surface and the second end surface, a passivation layer on at least one side surface of the ceramic body between the first external terminal and the second external terminal, wherein the passivation layer includes a phosphate and a metal additive including an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a mixture thereof, wherein the passivation layer has an average thickness of from 0.1 microns to 30 microns.
2. The varistor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal additive comprises an alkali metal.
3. The varistor according to claim 2 , wherein the alkali metal comprises potassium.
4. The varistor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal additive comprises an alkaline earth metal.
5. The varistor according to claim 4 , wherein the alkaline earth metal comprises magnesium.
6. The varistor according to claim 1 , wherein the elemental ratio of the moles of phosphorus of the phosphate to the moles of the metal additive may be from 0.01 to 100 as determined by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy.
7. The varistor according to claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layers include a dielectric material comprising zinc oxide.
8. The varistor according to claim 7 , wherein the phosphate includes zinc phosphate.
9. The varistor according to claim 1 , further comprising a metal plating layer on the first external terminal and the second external terminal.
10. The varistor according to claim 9 , wherein the metal plating layer comprises nickel or tin.
11. The varistor according to claim 1 , wherein the varistor has a breakdown voltage of from 20 volts to 80 volts.
12. The varistor according to claim 1 , wherein the varistor has a breakdown voltage of at least 90% of an initial breakdown voltage after undergoing a life test conducted at an operating voltage of 32 volts and a temperature of 1250 C for 500 hours.
13. The varistor according to claim 1 , wherein the varistor has a breakdown voltage of at least 90% of an initial breakdown voltage after undergoing a temperature humidity bias test conducted at a temperature of 850 C, a humidity of 85%, and an operating voltage of 32 volts for 500 hours.
14. A method of manufacturing the varistor of claim 1 , the method comprising: applying a solution containing a phosphoric acid and a metal additive including an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a mixture thereof to a component including the ceramic body, the first external terminal, and the second external terminal.
15. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the solution includes an inorganic compound containing the metal additive.
16. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the metal additive comprises an alkali metal.
17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the alkali metal comprises potassium.
18. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the metal additive comprises an alkaline earth metal.
19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the alkaline earth metal comprises magnesium.
20. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the compound includes an inorganic salt.
21. The method according to claim 20 , wherein the inorganic salt includes a carbonate.
22. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the compound includes a base.
23. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the base includes a hydroxide.
24. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the solution further comprises a base pH modifier.
25. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the phosphoric acid is present in the solution in an amount of from 0.01 wt. % to 10 wt. %.
26. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the compound is present in the solution in an amount of from 0.01 wt. % to 10 wt. %.
27. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the elemental ratio of the moles of phosphorus of the phosphoric acid to the moles of the metal additive may be from 0.01 to 100.
28. The method according to claim 14 , wherein the dielectric material of the dielectric layers of the ceramic body comprises zinc oxide and the applying of the solution results in a reaction creating zinc phosphate.
29. The method according to claim 14 , further comprising forming a first metal plating layer on the first external terminal and the second external terminal.