Light-emitting diodes with light coupling and conversion layers

1. A pixel comprising:

a substrate;

a red sub-pixel on the substrate, the red sub-pixel comprising:

a first light-emitting diode;

a first coupling layer disposed over the first light-emitting diode, wherein the first coupling layer comprises scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix; or is dome-shaped and comprises scattering particles in a polymeric matrix; and

a red light-emission layer comprising red-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix disposed over the first coupling layer;

a green sub-pixel on the substrate, the green sub-pixel comprising:

a second light-emitting diode;

a second coupling layer disposed over the second light-emitting diode, wherein the second coupling layer comprises scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix; or is dome-shaped and comprises scattering particles in a polymeric matrix; and

a green light-emission layer comprising green-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix disposed over the second coupling layer; and

a blue sub-pixel on the substrate, the blue sub-pixel comprising:

a third light-emitting diode.

2. The pixel of claim 1 , wherein the first light-emitting diode, the second light-emitting diode, and the third light-emitting diode are blue light-emitting diodes.

3. The pixel of claim 2 , wherein the blue light-emitting diodes are gallium nitride-based diodes.

4. The pixel of claim 1 , wherein the first light-emitting diode, the second light-emitting diode, and the third light-emitting diode are ultraviolet light emitting-diodes, and the blue sub-pixel comprises:

a third coupling layer disposed over the third light-emitting diode, wherein the third coupling layer is: (a) domed-shaped; (b) comprises scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix; or (c) dome-shaped and comprises scattering particles in a polymeric matrix; and

a blue light-emission layer comprising blue-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix disposed over the third coupling layer.

5. The pixel of claim 1 , wherein the first coupling layer is localized over the first light-emitting diode, the second coupling layer is localized over the second light-emitting diode, or the first and second coupling layers are localized over the first and second light-emitting diodes, respectively.

6. The pixel of claim 1 , wherein an emission surface area of the green sub-pixel is larger than an emission surface area of the red sub-pixel, and the emission surface area of the red sub-pixel is larger than an emission surface area of the blue sub-pixel.

7. A pixel comprising:

a substrate;

a red sub-pixel on the substrate, the red sub-pixel comprising:

a first light-emitting diode;

a first coupling layer disposed over the first light-emitting diode, wherein the first coupling layer: (a) is domed-shaped; (b) comprises scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix; or (c) is dome-shaped and comprises scattering particles in a polymeric matrix; and

a red light-emission layer comprising red-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix disposed over the first coupling layer;

a green sub-pixel on the substrate, the green sub-pixel comprising:

a second light-emitting diode;

a second coupling layer disposed over the second light-emitting diode, wherein the second coupling layer: (a) is domed-shaped; (b) comprises scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix; or (c) is dome-shaped and comprises scattering particles in a polymeric matrix; and

a green light-emission layer comprising green-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix disposed over the second coupling layer; and

a blue sub-pixel on the substrate, the blue sub-pixel comprising:

a third light-emitting diode, wherein the first coupling layer is separated from the red light-emission layer by an interfacial region having a quantum dot concentration gradient in which the concentration of red-emitting quantum dots in the interfacial region is lower near the first coupling layer than near the red light-emission layer, and/or wherein the second coupling layer is separated from the green light-emission layer by an interfacial region having a quantum dot concentration gradient in which the concentration of green-emitting quantum dots in the interfacial region is lower near the second coupling layer than near the green light-emission layer.

8. A color conversion display device comprising:

a display device substrate;

a plurality of the pixels arranged on the display device substrate, each pixel in the plurality of pixels comprising:

a substrate;

a red sub-pixel on the substrate, the red sub-pixel comprising:

a first light-emitting diode;

a first coupling layer disposed over the first light-emitting diode, wherein the first coupling layer comprises scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix; or is dome-shaped and comprises scattering particles in a polymeric matrix; and

a red light-emission layer comprising red-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix disposed over the first coupling layer;

a green sub-pixel on the substrate, the green sub-pixel comprising:

a second light-emitting diode;

a second coupling layer disposed over the second light-emitting diode, wherein the second coupling layer comprises scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix; or is dome-shaped and comprises scattering particles in a polymeric matrix; and

a green light-emission layer comprising green-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix disposed over the second coupling layer; and

a blue sub-pixel on the substrate, the blue sub-pixel comprising:

a third light-emitting diode; and

a translucent protective layer disposed over the plurality of pixels.

9. A method of forming a pixel on a substrate comprising a first light emitting-diode, a second light-emitting diode, and a third light-emitting diode, the method comprising:

forming a first sub-pixel confinement feature over the first light-emitting diode;

depositing a first film-forming ink composition comprising scattering particles and curable organic monomers into or onto the first sub-pixel confinement feature over the first light-emitting diode;

drying the first film-forming ink composition to form a first coupling layer;

depositing a first quantum dot-containing ink composition comprising red-emitting quantum dots, scattering particles, and curable organic monomers into or onto the first sub-pixel confinement feature;

drying the first quantum dot-containing ink composition to form a red light-emission layer comprising red-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix;

forming a second sub-pixel confinement feature over the second light-emitting diode;

depositing a second film-forming ink composition comprising scattering particles and curable organic monomers into or onto the second sub-pixel confinement feature over the second light-emitting diode;

drying the second film-forming ink composition to form a second coupling layer;

depositing a second quantum dot-containing ink composition comprising green-emitting quantum dots, scattering particles, and curable organic monomers into or onto the second sub-pixel confinement feature; and

drying the second quantum dot-containing ink composition to form a green light-emission layer comprising green-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein at least one of the first film-forming ink composition, the first quantum dot-containing ink composition, the second film-forming ink composition, and the second quantum dot-containing ink composition is deposited by inkjet printing.

11. The method of claim 9 , further comprising curing at least one of the first film-forming ink composition, the first quantum dot-containing ink composition, the second film-forming ink composition, and the second quantum dot-containing ink composition.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first film-forming ink composition is cured prior to depositing the first quantum dot-containing ink composition, and/or the second film-forming ink composition is cured prior to depositing the second quantum dot-containing ink composition, and/or the third film-forming ink composition is cured prior to depositing the third quantum dot-containing ink composition.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first quantum dot-containing ink composition is deposited before the first film-forming ink composition is cured, and/or the second quantum dot-containing ink composition is deposited before the second film-forming ink composition is cured, and/or the third quantum dot-containing ink composition is deposited before the third film-forming ink composition is cured.

14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first light-emitting diode, the second light-emitting diode, and the third light-emitting diode are blue light-emitting diodes.

15. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first light-emitting diode, the second light-emitting diode, and the third light-emitting diode are ultraviolet light-emitting diodes.

16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:

forming a third sub-pixel confinement feature over the third light-emitting diode;

depositing a third film-forming ink composition comprising curable organic monomers into or onto the third sub-pixel confinement feature over the third light-emitting diode;

drying the third film-forming ink composition to form a third coupling layer;

depositing a third quantum dot-containing ink composition comprising blue-emitting quantum dots, scattering particles, and curable organic monomers into or onto the third sub-pixel confinement feature; and

drying the third quantum dot-containing ink composition to form a blue light-emission layer comprising blue-emitting quantum dots and scattering particles disposed in a polymeric matrix.

17. A method of forming a color conversion display device, the method comprising forming a plurality of the pixels on a display device substrate, wherein the pixels are formed on the display device substrate using the method of claim 9 .

18. A method of forming a display, the method comprising:

forming a plurality of pixels on a semiconductor substrate each pixel comprising a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, and a blue sub-pixel, wherein the pixels are formed by:

forming a first light-emitting diode, a second light-emitting diode, and a third light-emitting diode on the semiconductor substrate;

forming a first sub-pixel confinement feature over the first light-emitting diode;

forming a second sub-pixel confinement feature over the second light-emitting diode;

optionally, forming a third sub-pixel confinement feature over the third light-emitting diode;

forming a red light emission-layer over the first light-emitting diode in the first pixel confinement feature by depositing an ink composition comprising red-emitting quantum dots into or onto the first pixel confinement feature and drying the ink composition into a solid film to provide the red sub-pixel;

forming a green light emission layer over the second light-emitting diode in the second pixel confinement feature by depositing an ink composition comprising green-emitting quantum dots into or onto the second pixel confinement feature and drying the ink composition into a solid film to provide the green sub-pixel; and

optionally, forming a blue light emission layer over the third light-emitting diode in the third pixel confinement feature by inkjet depositing an ink composition comprising blue-emitting quantum dots into or onto the blue pixel confinement feature and drying the ink composition into a solid film;

dicing the substrate into pieces, each of the pieces comprising one or more, but not all, of the pixels; and

transferring one or more of the pieces to a display substrate.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first, second, and third light-emitting diodes are gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes integrated into the substrate.

20. The method of claim 18 , wherein depositing an ink composition comprising red-emitting quantum dots into or onto the first pixel confinement feature and drying the ink composition into a solid film and/or depositing an ink composition comprising green-emitting quantum dots into or onto the second pixel confinement feature and drying the ink composition into a solid film is done before dicing the substrate into pieces.

21. The method of claim 18 , wherein depositing an ink composition comprising red-emitting quantum dots into or onto the first pixel confinement feature and drying the ink composition into a solid film and/or depositing an ink composition comprising green-emitting quantum dots into or onto the second pixel confinement feature and drying the ink composition into a solid film is done after dicing the substrate into pieces.

22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the green sub-pixels have emission surface areas that are larger than emission surface areas of the red sub-pixels and the emission surface areas the blue sub-pixels.

23. The method of claim 18 , wherein at least one of the ink composition comprising red-emitting quantum dots and the ink composition comprising blue-emitting quantum dots is deposited by inkjet printing.