Forward osmosis composite membranes for concentration of lithium containing solutions
A method of concentrating a lithium-containing aqueous solution, the method comprising: (i) providing a water-permeable structure having an inner surface and outer surface, wherein at least said outer surface is coated with a water-permeable hydrophilic polymer having a thermal stability of at least 100° C.; and (ii) flowing a lithium-containing aqueous feed solution having an initial concentration of lithium over said inner surface while said outer surface is in contact with an aqueous draw solution containing a higher overall ion concentration than said lithium-containing aqueous feed solution, to result in forward osmosis of water from said lithium-containing aqueous feed solution to said aqueous draw solution, and wherein said forward osmosis results in a lithium-containing aqueous product solution having an increased concentration of lithium relative to the initial concentration of lithium in the lithium-containing aqueous feed solution.
1. A method of concentrating a lithium-containing aqueous solution, the method comprising:
providing a water-permeable fluoropolymer structure consisting of a fluoropolymer and having an inner surface and outer surface, wherein at least said outer surface is bonded to a water-permeable hydrophilic layer of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in a crystalline beta phase, wherein the layer of PVDF contains a crosslinking agent crosslinked with the PVDF, wherein the crosslinked PVDF in crystalline beta phase is produced by depositing PVDF in the presence of said crosslinking agent onto said water-permeable fluoropolymer structure, and curing the PVDF in the presence of said crosslinking agent at a temperature of about 95° C.; and
flowing a lithium-containing aqueous feed solution having an initial concentration of lithium over said inner surface while said outer surface is in contact with an aqueous draw solution containing a higher overall ion concentration than said lithium-containing aqueous feed solution, to result in forward osmosis of water from said lithium-containing aqueous feed solution to said aqueous draw solution, and wherein said forward osmosis results in a lithium-containing aqueous product solution having an increased concentration of lithium relative to the initial concentration of lithium in the lithium-containing aqueous feed solution.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said water-permeable hydrophilic layer is a hydrophilized version of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said water-permeable hydrophilic layer is bonded to only the outer surface.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said hydrophilic polymer is coated on both the inner and outer surfaces.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lithium-containing aqueous feed solution is provided by a selective lithium extraction process, and the lithium-containing aqueous feed solution contains lithium in a predominant amount relative to other metal species.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein said lithium-containing aqueous feed solution as provided by said selective lithium extraction process has an initial concentration of lithium of up to 20 g/L.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lithium-containing aqueous product solution has a concentration of lithium of at least 50 g/L.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lithium-containing aqueous product solution has a concentration of lithium of at least 100 g/L.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said aqueous draw solution has an overall ion concentration of at least 200 g/L with an osmotic pressure of more than 200 bar.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said aqueous draw solution is a naturally occurring geothermal brine solution.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said geothermal brine solution is a spent geothermal brine solution that is depleted in lithium.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said increased concentration of lithium in the lithium-containing aqueous product solution is at least 100% greater in concentration than the initial concentration of lithium in the lithium-containing aqueous feed solution.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said water-permeable fluoropolymer structure has a tubular shape.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said water-permeable fluoropolymer structure is microporous or mesoporous.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature of 25-100° C.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method excludes a reverse osmosis process.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lithium-containing aqueous product solution contains the lithium in at least 99 wt. % purity.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water-permeable fluoropolymer structure prevents transfer of lithium from the lithium-containing aqueous feed solution into the draw solution and also prevent transfer of ionic species from the draw solution into the lithium-containing aqueous feed solution during the forward-osmosis process.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein said fluoropolymer is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluorocycloalkenes (PFCAs), and perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFAs).
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coating of the water-permeable hydrophilic polymer has a thickness of no more than 10 microns.
21. A method of concentrating a lithium-containing aqueous solution, the method comprising:
providing a water-permeable fluoropolymer structure consisting of a fluoropolymer and having an inner surface and outer surface, wherein at least said outer surface is bonded to a water-permeable hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer which contains a crosslinking agent crosslinked with the PVDF; and
flowing a lithium-containing aqueous feed solution having an initial concentration of lithium over said inner surface while said outer surface is in contact with an aqueous draw solution containing a higher overall ion concentration than said lithium-containing aqueous feed solution, to result in forward osmosis of water from said lithium-containing aqueous feed solution to said aqueous draw solution, and wherein said forward osmosis results in a lithium-containing aqueous product solution having an increased concentration of lithium relative to the initial concentration of lithium in the lithium-containing aqueous feed solution.