Catalysts, catalyst supports and methods of making the same
The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a core in the shape of a particle having a characteristic length between about one micron and about one millimeter, an active material that includes a noble metal deposited on a surface of the core, and a coating that includes a first metal-oxide, where the active material is positioned between the core and the coating, the active material has a diameter between about one nanometer and about 20 nanometers, and the coating has a thickness between greater than zero nanometers and about 20 nanometers.
1. A composition comprising:
a core comprising Al 2 O 3 and having a characteristic length between about one micron and about one millimeter;
a particle comprising a noble metal deposited on a surface of the core, and
a coating comprising TiO 2 , wherein:
the coating is positioned on the surface of the core and is in physical contact with the particle,
the particle has a diameter between greater than about one nanometer and less than about 20 nanometers,
the coating has a thickness about equal to the diameter of the particle, and
the coating covers less than 100% of the core.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the particle comprises at least one of platinum or palladium.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the particle comprises at least one of an amorphous particle or a crystalline particle.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the characteristic length is between one micron and 50 microns.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the diameter is between greater than about one nanometer and about 10 nanometers.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the coating is applied by at least one cycle of an atomic layer deposition method.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a crush strength between about 8 Newtons and about 43 Newtons.
8. A method comprising:
contacting muconic acid with a solid catalyst, wherein:
the contacting converts at least a portion of the muconic acid to adipic acid, and
the solid catalyst comprises:
a core comprising Al 2 O 3 having a characteristic length between about one micron and about one millimeter;
a particle comprising a noble metal deposited on a surface of the core, and
a coating comprising TiO 2 , wherein:
the coating is positioned on the surface of the core and is in physical contact with the particle,
the particle has a diameter between greater than about one nanometer and less than about 20 nanometers,
the coating has a thickness about equal to the diameter of the particle, and
the coating covers less than 100% of the core.