Perovskite nanocrystals and methods of making the same
The present disclosure relates to a perovskite that includes A 1-x A′ x BX 3 , where A is a first cation, A′ is a second cation, B is a third cation, X is a first anion, and 0<1−x≤1. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the perovskite may further include a second anion (X′) such that the perovskite includes A 1-x A′ x B(X 1-z X′ z ) 3 , where 0<z≤1. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the perovskite may further include a fourth cation (A*) such that the perovskite includes A 1-x-y A′ x A* y B(X 1-z X′ z ) 3 , where 0<y≤1. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the perovskite may further include a fifth cation (B′) such that the perovskite includes A 1-x-y A′ x A* y B 1-a B′ a (X 1-z X′ z ) 3 , where 0<a≤1.
1. A perovskite comprising:
Cs 1-x A′ x PbX 3 , wherein:
A′ is a cation selected from the group consisting of formamidinium (FA), an alkylammonium, hydrazinium, acetylammonium, imidazolium, guanidinium, and mixtures thereof,
X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, and mixtures thereof, and
wherein 0.5<1−x<1.0, and wherein 0<x<0.5.
2. The perovskite of claim 1 , wherein the alkylammonium is selected from the group consisting of methylammonium (MA), ethylammonium, propylammonium, butylammonium, dimethylammonium, and mixtures thereof.
3. The perovskite of claim 2 , comprising:
Cs 1-x-y FA x MA y Pb(I 1-z Br z ) 3 , wherein:
wherein 0.5<1−x−y<1.0, and wherein 0≤z≤1.
4. The perovskite of claim 2 , comprising:
at least one of Cs 1-x MA x Pb(I 1-z Br z ) 3 or Cs 1-x FA x Pb(I 1-z Br z ) 3 , wherein:
0≤z≤1.
5. The perovskite of claim 2 , comprising at least one of Cs 1-x MA x PbI 3 , Cs 1-x FA x PbI 3 , Cs 1-x MA x PbBr 3 , or Cs 1-x FA x PbBr 3 .
6. The perovskite of claim 1 , wherein the perovskite is characterized by photoluminescence having a peak emission wavelength between about 680 nm and about 775 nm.
7. A perovskite comprising:
Cs 1-x A′ x PbX 3 , wherein:
the perovskite comprises a nanocrystal having a characteristic length between about 650 nm and about 800 nm,
A′ is a cation selected from the group consisting of formamidinium (FA), an alkylammonium, hydrazinium, acetylammonium, imidazolium, guanidinium, and mixtures thereof,
X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, and mixtures thereof, and
wherein 0.5<1−x<1.0, and wherein 0<x<0.5.
8. The perovskite of claim 7 , wherein the alkylammonium is selected from the group consisting of methylammonium (MA), ethylammonium, propylammonium, butylammonium, dimethylammonium, and mixtures thereof.
9. The perovskite of claim 8 , comprising:
Cs 1-x-y FA x MA y Pb(I 1-z Br z ) 3 , wherein:
wherein 0.5<1−x−y<1.0, and wherein 0≤z≤1.
10. The perovskite of claim 8 , comprising:
at least one of Cs 1-x MA x Pb(I 1-z Br z ) 3 or Cs 1-x FA x Pb(I 1-z Br z ) 3 , wherein:
0≤z≤1.
11. The perovskite of claim 8 , comprising at least one of Cs 1-x MA x PbI 3 , Cs 1-x FA x PbI 3 , Cs 1-x MA x PbBr 3 , or Cs 1-x FA x PbBr 3 .
12. A method comprising:
combining a first perovskite and a second perovskite, wherein:
the first perovskite has a first composition comprising CsPbX 3 ,
the second perovskite has a second composition comprising A′PbX′ 3 , and
the combining results in the forming of a third perovskite having a third composition comprising Cs 1-x A′ x Pb(X 1-z X′ z ) 3 ,
A′ is a cation selected from the group consisting of formamidinium (FA), an alkylammonium, hydrazinium, acetylammonium, imidazolium, guanidinium, and mixtures thereof,
X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, and iodide,
X′ is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, and iodide,
wherein 0.5<1−x<1.0, and wherein 0<x<0.5, and wherein 0≤z≤1.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein:
the first perovskite comprises a least one of CsPbI 3 , CsPbBr 3 , or CsPbCl 3 , and
the second perovskite comprises a least one of FAPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 , FAPbCl 3 , MAPbI 3 , MAPbBr 3 , or MAPbCl 3 .
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the third perovskite comprises Cs 1-x FA x Pb(I 1-z Br z ) 3 .
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first perovskite and the second perovskite are provided at a molar ratio of the first perovskite to the second perovskite between 0.1 to 1.0 and 10 to 1.0.