Apparatus and methods for digital signal constellation transformation
Apparatus and method for digital signal constellation transformation are provided herein. In certain configurations, an integrated circuit includes an analog front-end that converts an analog signal vector representing an optical signal into a digital signal vector, and a digital signal processing circuit that processes the digital signal vector to recover data from the optical signal. The digital signal processing circuit generates signal data representing a signal constellation of the digital signal vector. The digital signal processing circuit includes an adaptive gain equalizer that compensates the signal data for distortion of the signal constellation arising from biasing errors of optical modulators used to transmit the optical signal.
1. An integrated circuit device, the device comprising:
a digital signal processing circuit configured to receive a digital signal vector and to generate signal data representing a signal constellation of the digital signal vector; and
wherein the digital signal processing circuit comprises an adaptive gain equalizer configured to generate an estimate of an angular tilt of the signal constellation and to generate transformed signal data by compensating the signal data for distortion of the signal constellation based on the estimate of the angular tilt.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein the digital signal vector comprises a digital representation of an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature-phase (Q) component of an optical signal; and wherein the adaptive gain equalizer is configured to generate the estimate of the angular tilt based on a sum of a plurality of cross-correlations of I and Q components of the signal constellation.
3. The device of claim 2 wherein the sum of the plurality of cross-correlations is computed over a moving window of data samples obtained from the digital signal vector.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein the digital signal vector comprises a digital representation of an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature-phase (Q) component of an optical signal; and wherein the adaptive gain equalizer is configured to iteratively revise the estimate of the angular tilt until I and Q components of the transformed signal data are substantially uncorrelated.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein the adaptive gain equalizer is configured to iteratively revise the estimate of the angular tilt based on a step gain, wherein the step gain changes based on a number of times the angular tilt has been estimated.
6. The device of claim 1 wherein the adaptive gain equalizer is configured to generate the transformed signal data based on a transformation matrix that includes the estimate of the angular tilt.
7. The device of claim 6 wherein the transformation matrix is about equal to
1
cos
2
θ
-
sin
2
θ
[
cos
θ
-
sin
θ
-
sin
θ
cos
θ
]
,
wherein θ is the estimate of the angular tilt.
8. The device of claim 1 wherein the adaptive gain equalizer provides separate distortion compensation for a first portion of the signal data associated with a horizontal polarization of an optical signal and for a second portion of the signal data associated with a vertical polarization of the optical signal.
9. The device of claim 1 further comprising a decision slicer configured to slice the transformed signal data; and wherein the digital signal processing circuit is configured to process the signal data for at least one of feed forward equalization or carrier recovery prior to compensating the signal data for distortion of the signal constellation; wherein the distortion of the signal constellation comprises at least one of squeezing, shifting, or tilting; and wherein the digital signal vector comprises data representing a single polarization modulation or a dual-polarization modulation.
10. The device of claim 1 wherein an optical signal comprises a multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal, a discrete multitoned (DMT) modulation signal, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), or a phase-shift keying (PSK) signal.
11. An integrated optical module device, the device comprising:
an optical receiver configured to receive an optical signal from an optical cable and to generate an analog signal vector representing the optical signal; and
a transceiver configured to generate a digital signal vector from the analog signal vector, wherein the transceiver is further configured to generate signal data representing a signal constellation of the digital signal vector,
wherein the transceiver comprises an adaptive gain equalizer configured to generate an estimate of an angular tilt of the signal constellation and to generate transformed signal data by compensating the signal data for distortion of the signal constellation based on the estimate of the angular tilt.
12. The device of claim 11 wherein the digital signal vector comprises a digital representation of an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature-phase (Q) component of the optical signal; and wherein the adaptive gain equalizer is configured to generate the estimate of the angular tilt based on a sum of a plurality of cross-correlations of I and Q components of the signal constellation.
13. The device of claim 11 wherein the digital signal vector comprises a digital representation of an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature-phase (Q) component of the optical signal; and wherein the adaptive gain equalizer is configured to iteratively revise the estimate of the angular tilt until I and Q components of the transformed signal data are substantially uncorrelated.
14. The device of claim 11 wherein the adaptive gain equalizer provides separate distortion compensation for a first portion of the signal data associated with a horizontal polarization of the optical signal and for a second portion of the signal data associated with a vertical polarization of the optical signal.
15. The device of claim 11 wherein the optical signal comprises a multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal, a discrete multitoned (DMT) modulation signal, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), or a phase-shift keying (PSK) signal.
16. The device of claim 11 wherein the digital signal vector comprises data representing a single polarization modulation or a dual-polarization modulation.
17. An optical communication system, the system comprising:
an optical transmitter configured to provide optical transmissions over an optical network;
an optical receiver configured to receive an optical signal over the from the optical network and to generate an analog signal vector representing the optical signal; and
a transceiver coupled to the optical transmitter and to the optical receiver, the transceiver comprising:
an analog front-end configured to convert the analog signal vector into a digital signal vector; and
a digital signal processing circuit configured to generate signal data representing a signal constellation of the digital signal vector;
wherein the digital signal processing circuit comprises an adaptive gain equalizer configured to generate an estimate of an angular tilt of the signal constellation and to generate transformed signal data by compensating the signal data for distortion of the signal constellation based on the estimate of the angular tilt.
18. The system of claim 17 wherein the optical transmitter comprises one or more modulators and an automatic bias controller configured to bias the one or more modulators.
19. The system of claim 17 wherein the optical signal comprises a multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal, a discrete multitoned (DMT) modulation signal, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), or a phase-shift keying (PSK) signal.
20. The system of claim 17 wherein the digital signal vector comprises data representing a single polarization modulation or a dual-polarization modulation.