Using alternating electric fields to increase permeability of the blood brain barrier
Certain substances (e.g., large molecules) that ordinarily cannot traverse the blood brain barrier can be introduced into the brain by applying an alternating electric field to the brain for a period of time, wherein the frequency of the alternating electric field is selected so that application of the alternating electric field increases permeability of the blood brain barrier. In some embodiments, the frequency of the alternating electric field is less than 190 kHz (e.g., 100 kHz). Once the permeability of the blood brain barrier has been increased, the substance is able to cross the blood brain barrier.
1. A method for treating a tumor in a subject's brain and delivering a substance across a blood brain barrier of the subject's brain, the method comprising:
applying a first alternating electric field having a first frequency to the subject's brain for a first period of time, wherein application of the first alternating electric field at the first frequency to the subject's brain for the first period of time increases permeability of the blood brain barrier in the subject's brain;
administering the substance to the subject after the first period of time has elapsed, wherein the increased permeability of the blood brain barrier allows the substance to cross the blood brain barrier; and
applying a second alternating electric field at a second frequency to the subject's brain for a second period of time that is at least one week long, wherein the second frequency is different from the first frequency, wherein the second alternating electric field at the second frequency has an intensity that is sufficiently large to inhibit the tumor,
wherein the first frequency is between 50 kHz and 190 kHz, wherein the first frequency is selected to increase the permeability of the blood brain barrier, and wherein the second frequency is selected to provide an anti-tumor action.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second frequency is between 190 kHz and 210 kHz.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first period of time is at least 24 hours.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second period of time comprises a single uninterrupted interval of time that is at least one week long.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second period of time comprises a plurality of non-contiguous intervals of time during which the second alternating electric field at the second frequency is applied to the subject's brain, wherein the plurality of non-contiguous intervals of time collectively add up to at least one week.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substance has a molecular weight between 4 kDa and 69 kDa.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substance has at least one characteristic that ordinarily impedes the substance from crossing a non-leaky BBB.
8. A method for treating a tumor in a subject's brain and delivering a substance across a blood brain barrier of the subject's brain, the method comprising:
applying a first alternating electric field having a first frequency to the subject's brain for a first period of time, wherein application of the first alternating electric field at the first frequency to the subject's brain for the first period of time increases permeability of the blood brain barrier in the subject's brain;
administering the substance to the subject after the first period of time has elapsed, wherein the increased permeability of the blood brain barrier allows the substance to cross the blood brain barrier; and
applying a second alternating electric field having a second frequency to the subject's brain for a second period of time that is at least one week long, wherein the second frequency is different from the first frequency, wherein the second alternating electric field at the second frequency has an intensity that is sufficiently large to inhibit the tumor,
wherein the first frequency is between 75 kHz and 125 kHz, wherein the first frequency is selected to increase the permeability of the blood brain barrier, and wherein the second frequency is selected to provide an anti-tumor action.