Swallowable capsule and method for stimulating incretin production within the intestinal tract
Embodiments of the invention provide apparatus and methods for stimulating L cells in the intestinal tract to produce incretins for the treatment of conditions including diabetes and obesity. Many embodiments provide a method and apparatus for the treatment of diabetes by electrically stimulating L-cells to secrete incretins to stimulate or otherwise modulate the production of insulin. Particular embodiments provide a swallowable capsule for stimulating L-cells in the intestinal tract as the capsule moves through the tract. The capsule can include two or more electrodes for providing electrical stimulation to L-cells, a power source for powering one or more components of the capsule, a sensor for sensing the location of the capsule in the intestinal tract; a controller and a waveform generator for generating the electrical signals emitted by the electrodes to stimulate the L-cells to secrete incretins such as GLP-1 to stimulate insulin production for glucose regulation of diabetic conditions.
1. A method for stimulating hormone producing cells (HP-cells) in an intestinal tract of a patient to secrete a glucose regulating hormone (GR-hormone), the method comprising:
delivering a swallowable device to the intestinal tract of the patient to electrically stimulate the HP-cells in the intestinal tract; and
delivering an electrical signal from the device to an intestinal wall proximate the device, wherein the signal includes a waveform configured to electrically stimulate the HP-cells in the intestinal tract to secrete the GR-hormone without causing a peristaltic contraction.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intestinal wall is a wall of a small intestine.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the HP-cells comprise K-cells or L-cells.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the secreted GR-hormone comprises an incretin or GLP-1.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: modulating a release of insulin in the patient responsive to the secreted GR-hormone.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the insulin release is modulated by the electrical stimulation of the HP-cells to produce an increase in plasma insulin within 30 minutes of stimulation.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: controlling a blood glucose level of the patient responsive to the secreted GR-hormone.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: suppressing an appetite level of the patient responsive to the secreted GR-hormone.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the waveform has a square wave shape.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising sensing pressure within the intestinal tract using a pressure sensor associated with the device.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delivering the device to the intestinal tract comprises ingesting the device.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the device comprises a swallowable capsule.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the ingesting of the device is coordinated with an ingestion of food.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the device is ingested during a selected time period before, during, or after the ingestion of food.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the time period is selected to coordinate the stimulation of the HP-cells with an absorption of nutrients from the food into a blood stream.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the device travels through the intestinal tract to stimulate the HP-cells at any location where they are found in the intestinal tract.
17. A method for stimulating hormone producing cells (HP-cells) in an intestinal tract of a patient to secrete a glucose regulating hormone (GR-hormone), the method comprising:
providing a device configured to travel through the intestinal tract and electrically stimulate the HP-cells in the intestinal tract of the patient; and
delivering an electrical signal from the device to an intestinal wall proximate the device, wherein the signal includes a waveform configured to electrically stimulate the HP-cells in the intestinal tract to secrete the GR-hormone without causing a peristaltic contraction.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the intestinal wall is a wall of a small intestine.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the HP-cells comprise K-cells or L-cells.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the secreted GR-hormone comprises an incretin or GLP-1.