Detection of domain name impersonation
A method for evaluating domain names includes storing a listing, for a plurality of non-ASCII Unicode characters, of corresponding ASCII characters that are visually similar to the non-ASCII Unicode characters. A record is received of one or more Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs), each IDN containing at least one of the non-ASCII Unicode characters. The corresponding ASCII characters are substituted for the non-ASCII Unicode characters in the record in order to generate candidate ASCII domain names corresponding to the one or more IDNs. The candidate ASCII domain names are compared to one or more protected ASCII domain names. When a candidate ASCII domain name matches one of the protected ASCII domain names, a protective action is initiated with regard to the IDN corresponding to the candidate ASCII domain name.
1. A method for evaluating domain names, comprising:
storing a listing, for a plurality of non-ASCII Unicode characters, of corresponding ASCII characters that are visually similar to the non-ASCII Unicode characters;
receiving a record of one or more Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs), each IDN containing at least one of the non-ASCII Unicode characters;
substituting the corresponding ASCII characters for the non-ASCII Unicode characters in the record in order to generate candidate ASCII domain names corresponding to the one or more IDNs;
comparing the candidate ASCII domain names to one or more protected ASCII domain names; and
when a candidate ASCII domain name matches one of the protected ASCII domain names, initiating a protective action with regard to the IDN corresponding to the candidate ASCII domain name.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein storing the listing comprises storing respective similarity scores indicating a degree of similarity between the non-ASCII Unicode characters and the corresponding ASCII characters, and wherein comparing the candidate ASCII domain names comprises applying the similarity scores in deciding whether the candidate ASCII domain names match the protected ASCII domain names.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein receiving the record comprises obtaining a Domain Name System (DNS) zone file containing resource records, and processing the resource records in order to identify the one or more IDNs.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein obtaining the DNS zone file comprises receiving the DNS zone file from a registrar of domain names.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein receiving the record comprises obtaining a Certificate Transparency (CT) log containing records of digital certificates, and processing the log in order to identify the one or more IDNs.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein initiating the protective action comprises accessing, via a network, a resource identified by the IDN corresponding to the candidate ASCII domain name, and analyzing the resource in order to detect malicious content.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein accessing the resource comprises reading a Web page having a uniform resource locator (URL) containing the IDN, and detecting a phishing attack associated with the Web page.
8. Apparatus for evaluating domain names, comprising:
a memory configured to store a listing, for a plurality of non-ASCII Unicode characters, of corresponding ASCII characters that are visually similar to the non-ASCII Unicode characters; and
a processor, which is configured to:
receive a record of one or more Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs), each IDN containing at least one of the non-ASCII Unicode characters,
substitute the corresponding ASCII characters for the non-ASCII Unicode characters in the record in order to generate candidate ASCII domain names corresponding to the one or more IDNs,
compare the candidate ASCII domain names to one or more protected ASCII domain names, and
when a candidate ASCII domain name matches one of the protected ASCII domain names, initiate a protective action with regard to the IDN corresponding to the candidate ASCII domain name.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the listing of the corresponding ASCII characters comprises respective similarity scores indicating a degree of similarity between the non-ASCII Unicode characters and the corresponding ASCII characters, and wherein the processor is configured to apply the similarity scores in deciding whether the candidate ASCII domain names match the protected ASCII domain names.
10. The apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the record comprises a resource record in a Domain Name System (DNS) zone file.
11. The apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the processor is configured to obtain the DNS zone file from a registrar of domain names.
12. The apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the processor is configured to read the record from a Certificate Transparency (CT) log containing records of digital certificates.
13. The apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the protective action comprises accessing, via a network, a resource identified by the IDN corresponding to the candidate ASCII domain name, and analyzing the resource in order to detect malicious content.
14. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein accessing the resource comprises reading a Web page having a uniform resource locator (URL) containing the IDN, and detecting a phishing attack associated with the Web page.
15. A computer software product, comprising a non-transitory computer-readable medium in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer, cause the computer to:
store a listing, for a plurality of non-ASCII Unicode characters, of corresponding ASCII characters that are visually similar to the non-ASCII Unicode characters;
receive a record of one or more Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs), each IDN containing at least one of the non-ASCII Unicode characters;
substitute the corresponding ASCII characters for the non-ASCII Unicode characters in the record in order to generate candidate ASCII domain names corresponding to the one or more IDNs;
compare the candidate ASCII domain names to one or more protected ASCII domain names; and
when a candidate ASCII domain name matches one of the protected ASCII domain names, initiate a protective action with regard to the IDN corresponding to the candidate ASCII domain name.
16. The product according to claim 15 , wherein the listing of the corresponding ASCII characters comprises respective similarity scores indicating a degree of similarity between the non-ASCII Unicode characters and the corresponding ASCII characters, and wherein the instructions cause the computer to apply the similarity scores in deciding whether the candidate ASCII domain names match the protected ASCII domain names.
17. The product according to claim 15 , wherein the record comprises a resource record in a Domain Name System (DNS) zone file.
18. The product according to claim 17 , wherein the instructions cause the computer to obtain the DNS zone file from a registrar of domain names.
19. The product according to claim 15 , wherein the instructions cause the computer to read the record from a Certificate Transparency (CT) log containing records of digital certificates.
20. The product according to claim 15 , wherein the protective action comprises accessing, via a network, a resource identified by the IDN corresponding to the candidate ASCII domain name, and analyzing the resource in order to detect malicious content.
21. The product according to claim 20 , wherein accessing the resource comprises reading a Web page having a uniform resource locator (URL) containing the IDN, and detecting a phishing attack associated with the Web page.