Vaporizer including positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) heating element
An apparatus includes a housing including a power source; a reservoir including an inlet, an outlet, and configured to contain vaporizable material and couple to the housing; and a PTCR heating element configured to electrically couple to the power source and heat the vaporizable material to form an aerosol. The PTCR heating element includes an electrical resistivity that varies based on temperature. The electrical resistivity includes an electrical resistivity transition zone including an increase in electrical resistivity over a temperature range such that, when the PTCR heating element is heated to a first temperature within the transition zone, current flow from the power source is reduced to a level that limits further temperature increases of the PTCR heating element. Related apparatus, systems, techniques, and articles are also described.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a power source configured to provide a current flow at a voltage;
a reservoir configured to contain a vaporizable material; and
an atomizer coupled to the reservoir to receive the vaporizable material, the atomizer including a PTCR (positive temperature coefficient of resistivity) heating element configured to electrically couple and receive current flow from the power source to vaporize the vaporizable material, the PTCR heating element configured to heat to an operating temperature at which a resistivity reduces the current flow to prevent an increase in the operating temperature,
wherein the PTCR heating element includes a plate geometry including a height, a width, and a length; a polygon geometry; and/or a circle geometry.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a housing, wherein the power source is contained in the housing.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the reservoir is configured to couple to the housing.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the atomizer includes an inlet and an outlet, and the PTCR heating element is arranged between the inlet and the outlet.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 , further comprising:
a cartridge including the reservoir and the atomizer.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a cartridge including the reservoir and the PTCR heating element, wherein the vaporizable material is a fluid within the reservoir;
a wick configured to transport the fluid to a location for vaporization, and
electrical contacts electrically coupled to the PTCR heating element and configured to provide the current flow to the PTCR heating element from the power source, and wherein the PTCR heating element is configured to heat the fluid at the location.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the vaporizable material is a liquid.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the vaporizable material is a tobacco product.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
an input configured to electrically connect the power source to the PTCR heating element in response to user input.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the input includes a pushbutton.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus does not comprise a controller and/or a pressure sensor.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a pressure sensor; and
a controller coupled to the pressure sensor and configured to detect inhalation, and in response, electrically connect the power source to the PTCR heating element.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the operating temperature between 240° C. and 280° C.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the resistivity is greater than 500 ohm-cm.
15. An apparatus comprising:
a power source configured to provide a current flow at a voltage;
a reservoir configured to contain a vaporizable material; and
an atomizer coupled to the reservoir to receive the vaporizable material, the atomizer including a PTCR (positive temperature coefficient of resistivity) heating element configured to electrically couple and receive current flow from the power source to vaporize the vaporizable material, the PTCR heating element configured to heat to an operating temperature at which a resistivity reduces the current flow to prevent an increase in the operating temperature;
wherein the PTCR heating element includes a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity material layer between a first electrically conductive layer and a second electrically conductive layer, the first electrically conductive layer coupled to a first conductive lead, the second electrically conductive layer coupled to a second conductive lead.
16. An apparatus comprising:
a power source configured to provide a current flow at a voltage;
a reservoir configured to contain a vaporizable material; and
an atomizer coupled to the reservoir to receive the vaporizable material, the atomizer including a PTCR (positive temperature coefficient of resistivity) heating element configured to electrically couple and receive current flow from the power source to vaporize the vaporizable material, the PTCR heating element configured to heat to an operating temperature at which a resistivity reduces the current flow to prevent an increase in the operating temperature;
wherein the PTCR heating element includes a composition including a ceramic; a mixed-metal oxide; two or more mixed-metal oxides; a composite mixture of one or more mixed-metal oxides with one or more elemental metals, one or more binary metal oxides with MO x -type phases, one or more binary metal nitrides with MN x -type phases, with one or more binary metal carbides with MC x -type phases, with one or more binary metal borides with MB x -type phases, and/or with one or more binary metal silicides with MSi x -type phases; a composite mixture of two or more binary metal oxides; a composite mixture of two or more binary metal oxides with one or more elemental metals, with one or more binary metal nitrides, with one or more binary metal carbides, with one or more binary metal borides, and/or with one or more binary metal silicides; and/or a cross-linked polymer composite with one or more elemental metals, with one or more binary metal oxides, with one or more binary metal nitrides, with one or more binary metal carbides, with one or more binary metal borides, and/or with one or more binary metal silicides; and/or any combination thereof.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the composition includes ABO 3 -type compounds where the identity of A includes Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, La, Ce, Pb, Bi, or mixtures thereof, and the identity of B includes Mg, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, or mixtures thereof; barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ); lead titanate (PbTiO 3 ); lead zirconate (PbZrO 3 ); bismuth aluminate (BiAlO 3 ); alkali niobates (ANbO 3 , A=Li, Na, K, Rb), alkali tantalates (ATaO 3 , A=Li, Na, K, Rb), or solid solutions thereof; solid solutions including main-group alkali zirconates (Bi 0.5 A 0.5 ZrO 3 , A=Li, Na, K); solid solutions including main-group titanate-zirconates (PbTi 1-x Zr x O 3 ), rare-earth substituted variants, and/or Ba 1-x RE x TiO 3 (RE=La, Ce); alkaline earth niobates (Sr 1-x Ba x Nb 2 O 6 ), Aurivillius-type phases of the general formula [Bi 2 O 2 ][A n−1 BnO 3n+1 ], Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 , substituted, solid solution, non-stoichiometric, and intergrowth phases thereof; elemental metals including C, Al, Si, Ti, Fe, Zn, Ag, and/or Bi; binary metal oxides including MgO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Ti 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , MnO, FeO, CoO, NiO, CuO, ZnO, and/or SnO 2 ; binary metal nitrides including TiN, Mn 3 N 2 , Co 2 N, Ni 3 N, and/or Zn 3 N 2 ; binary metal carbides including TiC; binary metal borides including ZrB 2 , and/or NbB 2 ; binary metal silicides including NbSi 2 , WSi 2 , and/or MoSi 2 ; polyethylene; polyamide; kynar; polytetrafluoroethylene; and/or any combination thereof.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a wick adjacent the PTCR heating element, the wick configured to transport the vaporizable material to a location for vaporization,
wherein the PTCR heating element is configured to heat the vaporizable material at the location.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the vaporizable material comprising a nicotine formulation.
20. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the PTCR heating element includes a plate geometry including a height, a width, and a length; a polygon geometry; and/or a circle geometry.
21. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the PTCR heating element includes a plate geometry including a height, a width, and a length; a polygon geometry; and/or a circle geometry.