Synchronization between an object and a reader contactlessly communicating by active load modulation
A method of contactless communication can be performed between an object and a reader using active load modulation. A synchronization process is performed between a first carrier signal transmitted by the reader and having a reference frequency, and a second carrier signal extracted from an output signal of a controlled oscillator of a digital phase-locked loop of the object. In the synchronization process, as long as a locking of the loop has not been detected, the frequency of the output signal of the oscillator is latched on a frequency that is a multiple of the reference frequency. Once the locking has been detected, the latching continues while controlling the oscillator with a second control signal generated from a second value obtained.
1. A method of contactless communication between an object and a reader using active load modulation, the method comprising:
performing a synchronization process between a first carrier signal transmitted by the reader and having a reference frequency, and a second carrier signal extracted from an output signal of a controlled oscillator of a digital phase-locked loop of the object, wherein the synchronization process comprises:
as long as a locking of the loop has not been detected, latching the frequency of the output signal of the oscillator on a frequency that is a multiple of the reference frequency, the oscillator being controlled with a first control signal generated from a first value representative of a phase error of the phase-locked loop; and
once the locking has been detected, continuing the latching while controlling the oscillator with a second control signal generated from a second value obtained by a modulo operation performed on the first value representative of the phase error of the loop.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first value is a digital word comprising a first sequence of bits, and wherein the modulo operation comprises a selection of least significant bits representing a second sequence of bits representative of the second value.
3. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising masking the frequency of the first carrier signal by a mask before the latching by the loop.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the mask is parameterizable.
5. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising multiplying the frequency of the first carrier signal by a multiplicative factor before the latching by the loop.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the multiplicative factor is parameterizable.
7. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:
masking the frequency of the first carrier signal by a mask before the latching by the loop; and
multiplying the frequency of the first carrier signal by a multiplicative factor before the latching by the loop.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the mask is parameterizable.
9. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the multiplicative factor is parameterizable.
10. An object capable of contactless communication with a reader using active load modulation, the object comprising:
an input configured to receive a first carrier signal transmitted by the reader;
an output configured to deliver a second carrier signal extracted from an output signal of a controlled oscillator of a digital phase-locked loop; and
a synchronization circuit configured to synchronize the first carrier signal and second carrier signal, the synchronization circuit comprising:
a detector configured to detect the locking of the loop;
a controller configured to, as long as the detector has not detected the locking of the loop, latch the frequency of the output signal of the oscillator on a frequency that is a multiple of a reference frequency, by controlling the oscillator with a first control signal generated from a first value representative of a phase error of the phase-locked loop; and
once the detector has detected the locking, to continue the latching by controlling the oscillator with a second control signal generated from a second value delivered by a first module configured to perform a modulo operation on the first value representative of the phase error of the loop.
11. The object according to claim 10 , wherein the first value is a digital word comprising a first sequence of bits, and wherein the first module is configured to perform the operation by selecting least significant bits representing a second sequence of bits representative of the second value.
12. The object according to claim 10 , wherein the synchronization circuit further comprises a second module configured to mask the frequency of the first carrier signal with a mask before the latching by the loop.
13. The object according to claim 10 , wherein the synchronization circuit further comprises a third module configured to multiply the frequency of the first carrier signal by a multiplicative factor before the latching by the loop.
14. The object according to claim 10 , wherein the synchronization circuit further comprises a second module configured to mask the frequency of the first carrier signal with a mask before the latching by the loop, and a third module configured to multiply the frequency of the first carrier signal by a multiplicative factor before the latching by the loop.
15. The object according to claim 14 , wherein the mask is parameterizable.
16. The object according to claim 14 , wherein the multiplicative factor is parameterizable.
17. The object according to claim 10 , wherein the phase-locked loop comprises a proportional-integral filter configured to filter the first value representative of the phase error and the second value representative of the phase error.
18. The object according to claim 10 , wherein the object comprises a telephone emulated in card mode.
19. An object capable of contactless communication with a reader using active load modulation, the object comprising:
an input configured to receive a first carrier signal transmitted by a reader;
a digital phase-locked loop that comprises a controlled oscillator;
an output configured to deliver a second carrier signal extracted from an output signal of the controlled oscillator;
a detector configured to detect the locking of the digital phase-locked loop;
a controller configured to:
as long as the detector has not detected the locking of the loop, latch the frequency of the output signal of the oscillator on a frequency that is a multiple of a reference frequency, by controlling the oscillator with a first control signal generated from a first value representative of a phase error of the phase-locked loop; and
once the detector has detected the locking, to continue the latching by controlling the oscillator with a second control signal generated from a second value delivered by a first module configured to perform a modulo operation on the first value representative of the phase error of the loop.
20. The object according to claim 19 , further comprising:
a second module configured to mask the frequency of the first carrier signal with a mask before the latching by the loop; and
a third module configured to multiply the frequency of the first carrier signal by a multiplicative factor before the latching by the loop.