Mixed three-dimensional and two-dimensional perovskites and methods of making the same
An aspect of the present disclosure is a perovskite that includes A (n−1−nw+w) A′ (wn−w) A″ 2 B n X (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) X′ (3zn−3z) X″ 4e , where each of A, A′, A″ are monovalent cations, B is a divalent cation, each of X, X′, and X″ are monovalent anions, 0<w≤1, 0<z≤1, 0<e≤1, and 1≤n≤100000.
1. A perovskite comprising:
A (n−1−nw+w) A′ (wn−w) A″ 2 B n X (3N−3zn+3z−4e+1) X′ (3zn−3z) X″ 4e , wherein:
A comprises formamidinium (FA),
A′ comprises methylammonium (MA),
A″ comprises at least one of phenylethyl ammonium (PEA) or guanidinium (Gua),
B comprises lead,
each of X, X′, and X″ arc monovalent anions,
X comprises iodine,
X′ comprises a monovalent anion,
X″ comprises thiocyanate (SCN),
0<w≤1, 0≤z≤1, 0<e≤1, and 1≤n≤100,000.
2. The perovskite of claim 1 , wherein A″ further comprises at least one of butylammonium, cyclopropylammonium, polyethylenimine, iodoethylammonium, ethane-1,2-diammonium, or ammoniumvaleric acid.
3. The perovskite of claim 1 , wherein X″ further comprises at least one of cyanate, isothiocyanate, azide, selenocyanogen, tellurorhodanide, tetracarbonylcobaltate, or AL 13 I 2 − .
4. The perovskite of claim 1 , wherein X′ comprises bromide and 0<z≤1.
5. The perovskite of claim 1 , further comprising A′″, wherein:
A′″ is a monovalent cation resulting in A (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) A′ (wn−w) A″ 2 A′″ (xn−x) B n X (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) X′ (3zn−3z) X″ 4e , and
0<x≤1.
6. The perovskite of claim 5 , comprising FA (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) MA (wn−w) PEA 2 Cs (xn−x) Pb n I (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) Br (3zn−3z) SCN 4e .
7. The perovskite of claim 5 , comprising FA (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) MA (wn−w) Gua 2 Cs (xn−x) Pb n I (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) Br (3zn−3z) SCN 4e .
8. The perovskite of claim 5 , further comprising B′, wherein:
B′ is a divalent cation resulting in A (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) A′ (wn−w) A″ 2 A′″ (xn−x) B (n−ny+y) B′ (ny−y) X (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) X′ (3zn−3z) X″ 4e , and
0<y≤1.
9. The perovskite of claim 8 , comprising FA (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) MA (wn−w) PEA 2 Cs (xn−x) Pb (n−ny+y) Sn (ny−y) I (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) SCN 4e .
10. The perovskite of claim 8 , comprising FA (n−nw−nx−1+w+x) MA (wn−w) Gua 2 Cs (xn−x) Pb (n−ny+y) Sn (ny−y) I (3n−3zn+3z−4e+1) SCN 4e .
11. The perovskite of claim 1 , wherein:
the perovskite has a plurality of grains separated from neighboring grains by a plurality of grain boundaries, wherein:
the plurality of grains have a 3D perovskite structure, and
the plurality of grain boundaries have a 2D perovskite structure.
12. The perovskite of claim 11 , wherein each grain has a characteristic length between 300 nm to 10 μm.
13. A method comprising:
completing a first reaction, (1−w)(AX+BX 2 )+w(A′X′+BX′ 2 ) A 1−w A′ w B(X 1−w X′ w ) 3 ; and
completing a second reaction, 2A″X″+(1−e)BX 2 +eBX″ 2 A″ 2 B(X 2−2e X″ 2+2e ), wherein:
the first reaction and the second reaction result in the forming of a perovskite comprising [A 1−w A″ w B(X 1−w X′ w ) 3 ] n−1 [A″ 2 B(X 2−2e X″ 2+2e )],
A comprises formamidinium (FA),
A′ comprises methylammonium (MA),
A″ comprises at least one of phenylethyl ammonium (PEA) or guanidinium (Gua),
B comprises lead,
X comprises iodine,
X′ comprises bromine,
X″ comprises thiocyanate (SCN),
0<w≤1, 0<e≤1, and 1≤n≤100000.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein A″ further comprises at least one of butylammonium, cyclopropylammonium, polyethylenimine, iodoethylammonium, ethane-1,2-diammonium, or ammoniumvaleric acid.