Thermo-electrochemical converter
A thermo-electro-chemical converter direct heat to electricity engine has a monolithic co-sintered ceramic structure or a monolithic fused polymer structure that contains a working fluid within a continuous closed flow loop. The co-sintered ceramic or fused polymer structure includes a conduit system containing a heat exchanger, a first high density electrochemical cell stack, and a second high density electrochemical cell stack.
1. A heat to electricity converter comprising:
at least three porous electrodes;
a working fluid;
at least two ion or proton conductive membranes, the at least three porous electrodes being stacked with the at least two ion or proton conductive membranes in an overlapping configuration whereby each ion or proton conductive membranes membrane is sandwiched between a pair of porous electrodes, the at least three porous electrodes and the at least two ion or proton conductive membranes comprising a co-sintered or fused monolithic structure; and
a first conduit being a high pressure conduit containing the working fluid at a first pressure and a second conduit being a low pressure conduit containing the working fluid at a second pressure which is lower than the first pressure,
wherein a first porous electrode of each sequential pair of the porous electrodes is coupled to the high pressure conduit for high pressure working fluid flow therethrough and a second porous electrode of each sequential pair of the porous electrodes is coupled to the low pressure conduit for low pressure working fluid flow therethrough, the first porous electrode being a high pressure electrode and the second porous electrode being a low pressure electrode, and
wherein the converter generates electrical power when an electrical load is connected between the high and low pressure electrodes with the converter being coupled to a heat source, heat from the heat source being converted into electrical power as the working fluid expands from high pressure to low pressure with the heat of expansion being supplied by the heat source, or
wherein the converter functions as a heat pump when electrical power is connected between the high and low pressure electrodes with the converter being coupled to a heat sink, a heat of compression being rejected to the heat sink as the electrical power drives compression of the working fluid from low pressure to high pressure.
2. The heat to electricity converter according to claim 1 , further comprising an external power source, the power source being coupled between each sequential pair of porous electrodes whereby power applied to the at least three porous electrodes forces a flow of the working fluid flow from the low pressure electrode to the high pressure electrode as electron flow is forced by the external power source and induces ion or proton conductivity through the membrane sandwiched between the sequential pair of porous electrodes.
3. The heat to electricity converter according to claim 1 , further comprising an electrical load, the electrical load being coupled between each sequential pair of porous electrodes whereby pressure forces flow of the working fluid from the high pressure electrode to the low pressure electrode by means of electrons being conducted through the external load and ions or protons being conducted through the membrane sandwiched between the sequential pair of porous electrodes.
4. The heat to electricity converter according to claim 1 , wherein each of the at least two ion or proton conductive membranes is formed of a ceramic conductive material or a polymer conductive material.
5. The heat to electricity converter according to claim 1 , wherein the at least three porous electrodes are electrically connected in series with each other.
6. The heat to electricity converter according to claim 1 , further comprising a recuperative heat exchanger, the heat exchanger including the high and low pressure conduits configured to enable transfer of heat between the high pressure fluid and the low pressure fluid.