Method of suspending elemental sulfur in water
A method of suspending elemental sulfur in water includes the steps of providing water including elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide and adding from about 1 to about 100 parts by weight of a sulfur suspension additive to the water based on one million parts by weight of the water to suspend the elemental sulfur in the water. The sulfur suspension additive is chosen from an alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate or salt thereof, a secondary alcohol ethoxylate, a non-ionic ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide copolymer, and combinations thereof.
1. A method of suspending elemental sulfur in water in a geothermal fluid, said method comprising the steps of:
A. providing the geothermal fluid comprising water, elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide in a geothermal power plant; and
B. adding from about 1 to about 100 parts by weight of a sulfur suspension additive to the geothermal fluid based on one million parts by weight of the water which suspends the elemental sulfur in the water,
wherein the sulfur suspension additive is an alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate or salt thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate or salt thereof has the following structure:
wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 35 carbon atoms and each X is independently a cation.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein R is an alkyl group having 10 to 14 carbon atoms and X is Na 30 .
4. The method of claim 3 wherein R is an alkyl group having 12 carbon atoms.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein R is an alkyl group having 30 to 32 carbon atoms and X is Na + .
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the sulfur suspension additive is added in an amount of from about 10 to about 50 parts by weight based on one million parts by weight of the water.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding creates a mixture that has an optical density of at least 0.05 measured at 230 nm using a UV-V is spectrophotometer when water comprising the elemental sulfur and the hydrogen sulfide and free of the sulfur suspension additive as a control sample has an optical density of about 0.006 measured at 230 nm using a UV-V is spectrophotometer.
8. A method of suspending elemental sulfur in a geothermal fluid, said method comprising the steps of:
A. providing the geothermal fluid comprising water, elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide in a geothermal power plant; and
B. adding from about 10 to about 50 parts by weight of a sulfur suspension additive to the geothermal fluid based on one million parts by weight of the water to suspend the elemental sulfur in the water,
wherein the sulfur suspension additive is an alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate or salt,
wherein the alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate or salt thereof has the following structure:
wherein R is an alkyl group having from 10 to 16 carbon atoms and each X is Na + , and
wherein the step of adding creates a mixture that has an optical density of at least 0.05 measured at 230 nm using a UV-V is spectrophotometer when the water comprising the elemental sulfur and the hydrogen sulfide and free of the sulfur suspension additive has an optical density of about 0.006 measured at 230 nm using a UV-V is spectrophotometer.
9. A geothermal system comprising:
at least one of a geothermal heat exchanger, a geothermal cooling tower, and/or a geothermal pipe; and
a geothermal fluid comprising suspended elemental sulfur disposed in the at least one heat exchanger, cooling tower, and/or pipe,
wherein the geothermal fluid comprises:
water;
elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide; and
a sulfur suspension additive that is an alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate or salt thereof,
wherein the sulfur suspension additive is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 100 parts by weight per one million parts by weight of the water.
10. The system of claim 9 wherein the fluid has an optical density of at least 0.05 measured at 230 nm using a UV-V is spectrophotometer when water comprising the elemental sulfur and the hydrogen sulfide and free of the sulfur suspension additive as a control sample has an optical density of about 0.006 measured at 230 nm using a UV-V is spectrophotometer.
11. The system of claim 9 wherein the alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate or salt thereof has the following structure
wherein R is an alkyl group having from 1 to 35 carbon atoms and each X is independently a cation.
12. The system of claim 11 wherein R is an alkyl group having 10 to 14 carbon atoms and X is Na + .
13. The system of claim 11 wherein R is an alkyl group having 30 to 32 carbon atoms and X is Na + .
14. The system of claim 9 wherein the sulfur suspension additive is present in an amount of from about 10 to about 50 parts by weight per one million parts by weight of the water.