Water purification systems and methods having pressurized draw stream

1. A method, comprising:

introducing a feed stream having one or more solutes therein into a first side of a forward osmosis system;

circulating a draw stream through a second side of the forward osmosis system at a higher hydrostatic pressure and a higher osmotic pressure than the feed stream wherein a draw-to-feed osmotic pressure differential is at least 10 times higher than a draw-to-feed hydrostatic pressure differential; and

generating a diluted draw stream in the second side of the forward osmosis system, the diluted draw stream having a higher water concentration than the draw stream.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein circulating a draw stream through a second side of the forward osmosis system at a higher hydrostatic pressure and a higher osmotic pressure than the feed stream includes circulating the draw stream through the second side of the forward osmosis system in a counter-current flow relative to the feed stream in the first side.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein circulating a draw stream through a second side of the forward osmosis system at a higher hydrostatic pressure and a higher osmotic pressure than the feed stream includes circulating the draw stream through the second side of the forward osmosis system in a co-current flow relative to the feed stream in the first side.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the draw-to-feed osmotic pressure differential is at least 10 times higher than the draw-to-feed hydrostatic pressure differential along an entire membrane area of the forward osmosis system.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the draw-to-feed osmotic pressure differential is at least 25 times higher than the draw-to-feed hydrostatic pressure differential.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein circulating the draw stream through the second side of the forward osmosis system at the higher hydrostatic pressure than the feed stream includes circulating a marker in the draw stream.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein circulating the marker in the draw stream includes circulating the marker in a concentration at least 1000 times higher than a minimum detectable concentration of the marker.

8. The method of claim 6 , further comprising monitoring the feed stream or a concentrated feed stream for the marker.

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising adjusting one or more of a flow rate or a hydrostatic pressure of one or more of the feed stream or the draw stream based on said monitoring of the feed stream or the concentrated feed stream for the marker.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said adjusting comprises maintaining, increasing, decreasing, or terminating the flow rate of one or more of the feed stream or the draw stream responsive to detecting the marker in the feed stream or the concentrated feed stream for the marker.

11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising reducing contaminants in the diluted draw stream.

12. A method, comprising:

introducing a feed stream having one or more solutes therein into a first side of a forward osmosis system;

circulating a draw stream through a second side of the forward osmosis system at a higher hydrostatic pressure and a higher osmotic pressure than the feed stream wherein a draw-to-feed osmotic pressure differential is at least 10 times higher than a draw-to-feed hydrostatic pressure differential;

generating a diluted draw stream in the second side of the forward osmosis system, the diluted draw stream having a higher water concentration than the draw stream; and

at least partially regenerating the draw stream from the diluted draw stream.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein circulating a draw stream through a second side of the forward osmosis system at a higher hydrostatic pressure and a higher osmotic pressure than the feed stream includes circulating the draw stream through the second side of the forward osmosis system in a counter-current flow relative to the feed stream in the first side.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein circulating a draw stream through a second side of the forward osmosis system at a higher hydrostatic pressure and a higher osmotic pressure than the feed stream includes circulating the draw stream through the second side of the forward osmosis system in a co-current flow relative to the feed stream in the first side.

15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the draw-to-feed osmotic pressure differential is at least 10 times higher than the draw-to-feed hydrostatic pressure differential along an entire membrane area of the forward osmosis system.

16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the draw-to-feed osmotic pressure differential is at least 25 times higher than the draw-to-feed hydrostatic pressure differential.

17. The method of claim 12 , wherein circulating the draw stream through the second side of the forward osmosis system at the higher hydrostatic pressure than the feed stream includes circulating a marker in the draw stream.

18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising monitoring the feed stream or a concentrated feed stream for the marker.

19. A method, comprising:

introducing a feed stream having one or more solutes therein into a first side of a forward osmosis system in a first direction, wherein the forward osmosis system includes a forward osmosis membrane separating the first side from a second side of the forward osmosis system;

circulating a draw stream through the second side of the forward osmosis system in a direction opposite the first direction at a higher hydrostatic pressure and a higher osmotic pressure than the feed stream wherein a draw-to-feed osmotic pressure differential is at least 10 times higher than a draw-to-feed hydrostatic pressure differential;

generating a diluted draw stream in the second side of the forward osmosis system, the diluted draw stream having a higher water concentration than the draw stream; and

at least partially regenerating the draw stream from the diluted draw stream.

20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising detecting a leak in the forward osmosis membrane.